The Midwestern Native Garden. Charlotte Adelman

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The Midwestern Native Garden - Charlotte Adelman


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       European pasqueflower (Pulsatilla vulgaris)

       Nonnative:

      FALSE RUE ANEMONE, RUE-LEAVED ISOPYRUM. Family: Buttercup (Ranunculaceae). Genus: Isopyrum (I. thalictroides). Origin: Europe. Height: 8 inches. Ornamental Attributes: An ephemeral anemone-like white spring flower. Cultivation: Light shade. Dry or moist soil.

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       False rue anemone (Isopyrum thalictroides)

       Native Alternatives:

      EASTERN FALSE RUE ANEMONE. Family: Buttercup (Ranunculaceae). Genus: Enemion, Isopyrum (E. biternatum). Height: 1 foot. Ornamental Attributes: Blooms April to May. Creates “large drifts of pretty little white flowers with miniature columbine-like leaves. . . . Striking when planted with Virginia Bluebells;”53 RUE ANEMONE. Genus: Thalictrum (T. thalictroides). Height: 4–8 inches. Ornamental Attributes: An entire month of clusters of cup-shaped pale pink and white anemone-like flowers March to May. Cultivation: Light/heavy shade. Well-drained soil. Nature Note: Rue anemones’ pollen primarily attracts small bees and beneficial flies.

      BLOODROOT, p. 28. Also see native alternatives to CROCUS, p. 27.

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       Eastern false rue anemone (Isopyrum biternatum)

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       Rue anemone (Thalictrum thalictroides)

       Nonnative:

      FLOWERING ONION, ORNAMENTAL ONION. Family: Lily (Liliaceae). Genus: Allium. Origin: Asia, Europe, North Africa. Height: 8 inches to 6 feet. Ornamental Attributes: Late spring to early summer purple, white, pink or yellow dome shaped flowers on leafless stems. Cultivation: Sun. Well-drained soil.

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       Ornamental onions

       Native Alternatives:

      MEADOW GARLIC, WILD GARLIC, WILD ONION. Family: Lily (Liliaceae). Genus: Allium (A. canadense). Height: 1–3 feet. Ornamental Attributes: Clusters of pink, lavender, or white flowers on leafless stems May to July. Clusters of tiny black seeds in fall. Massed plantings create stunning effects. Cultivation: Sun. Dry, medium, or wet soil. Nature Note: Attracts bees and flower flies.

       More Native Alternatives:

      See section beginning with NODDING PINK ONION, Summer, p. 154. Also: GOLDEN ALEXANDERS, p. 33; MILKWEED, pp. 70, 109, 144, 156–57, 171; PURPLESTEM ANGELICA, p. 34.

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       Meadow garlic (Allium canadense)

       Nonnative:

      FORGET-ME-NOT, TRUE FORGET-ME-NOT. Family: Borage (Boraginaceae). Genus: Myosotis (M. scorpioides). There are many species. Origin: Europe, Asia. Height: 6–8 inches. Ornamental Attributes: Yellow-eyed blue flowers. Cultivation: Sun. Moist or wet soil. Invasiveness Note: Naturalized or invasive throughout the Midwest.

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       Forget-me-nots (Myosotis scorpioides)

       Native Alternatives:

      NARROWLEAF BLUE-EYED GRASS. Family: Iris (Iridaceae). Genus: Sisyrinchium (S. angustifolium). Cultivation: Average garden soil; PRAIRIE BLUE-EYED GRASS (S. campestre). Dry soil. There are many species. Height: 4–12 inches. Ornamental Attributes: Deep blue flowers with a yellow eye from May to July and beyond can turn a prairie landscape “into a sea of blue.”54 Ephemeral grasslike foliage. Cultivation: Sun. Tolerate light shade; WHITE BLUE-EYED GRASS (S. albidum). Note: Some species of blue-eyed grass are endangered or threatened in parts of the Midwest. Nature Note: Blue-eyed grass is pollinated by nectar- and pollenseeking bees and flower flies. The flowers of this genus “close up overnight and on rainy days, presumably when their pollinator stays home.”55

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       White blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchium albidum)

       More Native Alternatives:

      ANEMONE, p. 11; BLUETS, p. 32; RUE ANEMONE, p. 42; SPRING BEAUTY, p. 65; WILD COMFREY, p. 27.

       Nonnative:

      FOXGLOVE, PURPLE FOXGLOVE, COMMON FOXGLOVE. Family: Snapdragon/Figwort (Scrophulariaceae). Genus: Digitalis (D. purpurea). There are cultivars and hybrids and other species. Origin: Europe, Central Asia. Height: 2–4 feet. Ornamental Attributes: Cup-shaped biennial cream or purple flowers. Cultivation: Partial shade. Rich moist soil. Semi-sheltered location; GRECIAN FOXGLOVE (D. lanata). Origin: Europe. Height: 4–5 feet. Invasiveness Note: These and other nonnative foxgloves are naturalized or invasive in parts of the Midwest.

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       Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)

       Native Alternatives:

      LARGE BEARDTONGUE, LARGE FLOWERED BEARDTONGUE. Family: Snapdragon/Figwort (Scrophulariaceae). Genus: Penstemon (P. grandiflorus). Height: 2 feet. Ornamental Attributes: Showy profusion of large (almost 2 inches) showy pink/lavender long-blooming (about 4 weeks) spikes of flowers May to July. Bluish-green leaves clasp pale waxy stems. Cultivation: Sun. Dry soil; PALE BEARDTONGUE (P. pallidus). Height: 1 foot. Ornamental Attributes: Purple-lined one-inch white or cream flowers; SHOWY BEARDTONGUE (P. cobea). Height: 2 feet. Ornamental Attributes: Large (2-inch) purple flowers; TUBE PENSTEMON, WHITE WAND PENSTEMON (P. tubaeflorus). Height: 3 feet. Ornamental Attributes: White flowers. Also see Summer: BEARDTONGUE, p. 181; PURPLE FALSE FOXGLOVE and other native snapdragons, p. 121. Penstemon Cultivation: Requirements vary per species. Note: Some of these Penstemon species are endangered or extirpated in parts of the Midwest. Nature Note:


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