The Midwestern Native Garden. Charlotte Adelman
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great spangled fritillary (Speyeria cybele)
variegated fritillary (Euptoieta claudia)
Cobweb skipper (Hesperia metea)
variegated fritillary caterpillar (Euptoieta claudia)
YELLOW TROUT LILY, DOGTOOTH VIOLET. Family: Lily (Liliaceae). Genus: Erythronium (E. americanum). Height: 4–12 inches. Ornamental Attributes: “This little spring lily of the woodlands is a fascinating plant.”33 Showy yellow long-blooming flowers from March to May. Leaves are often variegated. “They [trout lilies] are, of course, most effective when seen in large congregations, fluttering and dancing in the breeze, like the Daffodils.”34 Cultivation: Dappled sunlight. Moist, well-drained soil. These ephemerals create impressively large colonies that live three hundred to four hundred years; WHITE FAWNLILY, TROUT LILY (E. albidum). Note: Trout lilies are endangered in parts of the Midwest. Nature Note: Trout lilies attract butterflies, including skippers. The primary pollinators are nectar-seeking longtongued and short-tongued bees. Honeybees and short-tongued bees collect the pollen. Trout lilies have a specialist bee, the oligolectic trout lily bee (Andrena erythroni). White-tailed deer damage is usually minor because of the low stature and ephemeral nature of the foliage. Note: See John Josselyn note in the appendix.
Yellow trout lily (Erythronium americanum)
Honeybee (Apis mellifera)
White fawnlily (Erythronium albidum)
GOLDENSEAL, ORANGE/YELLOW ROOT. Family: Buttercup (Ranunculaceae). Genus: Hydrastis (H. canadensis). Origin: North America, Japan. Height: 1–2 feet. Ornamental Attributes: A single white flower in April, May ornaments the center of the maple shaped upper leaf. The red fruit resembles a raspberry. Golden-hued roots. Cultivation: Shade. Moist or average garden soil. Note: Threatened or endangered in parts of the Midwest. Nature Note: Small bees are the primary pollinators. Visitors include beneficial flies and larger bees. Birds and small mammals eat the berries and help to distribute the seeds.
TWINLEAF. Family: Barberry (Berberidaceae). Genus: Jeffersonia (J. diphylla). Height: 4–8 inches. Ornamental Attributes: White flowers in April to May. Pear-shaped fruit. Completely divided blue-green leaves. Cultivation: Shade/part shade. Moist or average garden soil. Nature Note: Flowers attract butterflies. Ants disperse the seeds. Nomenclature Note: Genus name honors President Thomas Jefferson.
Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)
Twinleaf (Jeffersonia diphylla)
Bellwort (Uvularia grandiflora)
BELLWORT, LARGE-FLOWERED BELLWORT, MERRYBELLS. Family: Lily (Liliaceae). Genus: Uvularia (U. grandiflora). Height: 1–2 feet. Ornamental Attributes: A single fragrant yellow twisted-bell-shaped flower droops from the tip of a stem from April to June. Clumps of graceful foliage last through fall. Spreads slowly by rhizomes. Cultivation: Light, medium, full shade. Average garden soil; SESSILELEAF BELLWORT, WILD OATS (U. sessilifolia). Nature Note: Bumblebees, mason bees, halictid bees, andrenid bees, and beneficial flies suck nectar or collect pollen from bellwort flowers. Ants seek the edible seeds and help distribute them. The flowers decline in abundance in wooded areas when there is an overpopulation of deer.
FRINGED MILKWORT, BIRD-ON-THE-WING. Family: Polygalaceae. Genus: Polygala (P. paucifolia). Genus Note: The only Polygalaceae genus native to the United States. Height: 3–6 inches. Ornamental Attributes: Dainty fringed orchid-like flowers with two flaring pink-purple wings May into June. Cultivation: Moist soil. Nature Note: Insects pollinate these showy flowers; SENECA ROOT, SNAKEROOT, RATTLESNAKEROOT (P. senega). Light shade. Dry soil. Nature Note: Polygala attracts bees and interesting beneficial flies.
Fringed milkwort (Polygala paucifolia)
BLUETS, LONGLEAF BLUETS, HOUSTONIA. Family: Bedstraw, Madder, Coffee (Rubiaceae). Genus: Hedyotis or Houstonia (H. longifolia). Height: 2–10 inches. Ornamental Attributes: Large blue, lavender, white, or purple flowers June to September. Cultivation: Sun/part sun. Dry and moist soils; LANCELEAF BLUETS (H. lanceolata). Height: 1 foot. Cultivation: Moist or dry soil; LARGE HOUSTONIA, VENUS’ PRIDE, WIDE-LEAVED BLUETS (H. purpurea); QUAKER LADIES, INNOCENTS, BLUE-EYED BABIES (H. caerulea). Yellow-eyed oversized blue flowers from April to July. Nature Note: The flowers attract small butterflies including checkerspot, copper and white butterflies, and skippers. They also draw long- and short-tongued bees and other interesting and beneficial insects, such as flower scarab beetles. Small bees are the primary pollinators. Quaker ladies “flowers are extremely sensitive to atmospheric conditions; at night and in rainy weather, the blossoms bend down, to become erect again when sunshine appears.”35
Bluets (Houstonia longifolia)
More Native Alternatives:
BLUE-EYED GRASSES, p. 44; CUTLEAF TOOTHWORT, p. 23; EASTERN FALSE RUE ANEMONE, p. 42; GARDEN PHLOX, p. 108; GOLDEN RAGWORT, p. 35; HEPATICA, p. 51; PRAIRIE SMOKE, p. 28; SHOOTING STARS, p. 66; SPRING BEAUTY, p. 65; TRILLIUMS, pp. 67, 75; VIOLET WOODSORREL, p. 72; VIRGINIA BLUEBELLS, p. 18; YELLOW STARGRASS, p. 35.
Nonnative:
DAFFODIL, JONQUIL. Family: Daffodil (Amaryllidaceae). Genus: Narcissus. Origin: Mediterranean region. Height: 4–24 inches. Ornamental Attributes: Trumpet-centered yellow, white, or bicolored blooms. These ephemerals