The Midwestern Native Garden. Charlotte Adelman
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p. 38; WILD GERANIUM, p. 47.
Bumblebee (Bombus impatiens)
Nonnative:
BLUEBELL, ENGLISH BLUEBELL. Family: Lily (Liliaceae). Genus: (Endymion syn. Hyacinthoides) (E. nonscriptus); SPANISH BLUEBELL (E. hispanicus). There are many species and cultivars. Origin: Europe, North Africa. Height: 8–16 inches. Ornamental Attributes: Blue flowers. Strap-shaped leaves become eyesores. Cultivation: Shade. Moist soil. Seed prolifically. Invasiveness Note: English bluebell is naturalized or invasive in parts of the Midwest. Name Note: “Bluebell” is not the same as “bluebells,” a term that is applied to members of the Mertensia genus of the Forget-me-not family (Boraginaceae).
Bluebell (Endymion non-scriptus)
Native Alternatives:
VIRGINIA BLUEBELLS. Family: Borage, Forget-me-not (Boraginaceae). Genus: Mertensia (M. virginica). Height: 1–2 feet. Ornamental Attributes: Pink buds open into nodding bright blue trumpet-like long-lasting though ephemeral flowers March to May. “Few plants exist that are necessary for a garden to be complete. This is one of them.”16 Cultivation: Sun/shade. Medium moist or average garden soil. Slowly forms colonies. Note: Threatened in parts of the Midwest. Nature Note: Attracts butterflies, skippers, hummingbird moths, and hummingbirds. The primary pollinators are nectar-seeking and pollen-collecting long-tongued bees. Name Note: Named “Virginia” (probably where the flowers were first were identified), but are native as far north as Minnesota.
Virginia bluebells (Mertensia virginica)
More Native Alternatives:
GREEK VALERIAN, p. 10; INDIGO, pp. 111–12; WILD BLUE PHLOX, p. 38; also see native alternatives to CROCUS, p. 27; and native alternatives to HYACINTH, p. 52.
Nonnative:
BUGLOSS, SIBERIAN BUGLOSS, HEARTLEAF BRUNNERA, FALSE FORGET-ME-NOT. Family: Forget-me-not (Boraginaceae). Genus: Brunnera (B. macrophylla). Origin: Eastern Europe, Asia. Height: 12–18 inches. Ornamental Attributes: Small clusters of blue flowers. Large heartshaped leaves. Cultivation: Sun/shade. Moist and very moist soil. Invasiveness Note: Naturalized or invasive in parts of the Midwest.
Bugloss (Brunnera macrophylla)
Native Alternatives:
BLUETS, p. 32; CANADIAN WILD GINGER, p. 76; GREEK VALERIAN, p. 10; MOSS PHLOX, p. 48; VIRGINIA BLUEBELLS, p. 18; WILD BLUE PHLOX, p. 38.
Nonnative:
CANDYTUFT. Family: Mustard (Cruciferae, Brassicaceae). Genus: Iberis (I. sempervirens). There are cultivars. Origin: Iberia, now known as Spain. Height: 9–12 inches. Ornamental Attributes: Mounds of white (sometimes red or pink) flowers. Needle-like foliage on woody stems forms carpets. Cultivation: Sun. Well-drained soil. Mulching. Pruning. Self-seeds profusely. Invasiveness Note: Naturalized or invasive in parts of the Midwest.
Candytuft (Iberis sempervirens)
Native Alternatives:
ROCKCRESS, ALPINE ROCKCRESS, WALL ROCKCRESS. Family: Mustard/Cabbage (Brassicaceae, Cruciferae). Genus: Arabis (A. albida, A. alpina). Height: 12–18 inches. Ornamental Attributes: Mounds of white or pink spring and early summer flowers. Woolly gray-green evergreen foliage. Cultivation: Sun. Well-drained soil; LYRE-LEAVED ROCKCRESS, LYRATE ROCKCRESS (A. lyrata). Height: 4–16 inches. Ornamental Attributes: White flowers April to July. Cultivation: Sun. Dry soil. HAIRY ROCKCRESS (A. hirsuta). Height: 2 feet. Note: Some species of native rockcress are threatened or endangered in parts of the Midwest. Nature Note: Arabis species host many species of butterflies including the mustard white (Pieris oleracea), falcate orangetip (Anthocharis midea), olympia marble (Euchloe olympia), and checkered white (Pontia protodice). The pupae of falcate orangetip overwinter in the plants. The small flowers attract butterflies and other interesting and beneficial nectar- or pollen-seeking insects including bees, flower flies, and dance flies.
Rockcress (Arabis alpina)
Falcate orangetip (Anthocharis midea)
Checkered white (Pontia protodice)
Flower fly (Syrphidae)
NORTHERN BEDSTRAW, WILD BABY’S BREATH. Family: Madder, Bedstraw (Rubiaceae). Genus: Galium (G. boreale). Height: 6–40 inches. Ornamental Attributes: Showy clusters of tiny white flowers June, July. Whorls of small, needle-like leaves that are fragrant when dry. Cultivation: Sun/light shade. Dry to wet soils. Nature Note: Attracts flower flies and other small nectarseeking insects. Native Note: There are other native species. Nonnative Note: Do not confuse with nonnative invasive yellow bedstraw (G. verum).
Northern bedstraw (Galium boreale)
GROUNDPLUM MILKVETCH. Family: Pea/Bean (Fabaceae). Genus: Milkvetch (Astragalus) (A. crassicarpus). Height: 6–15 inches. Ornamental Attributes: Purple/white flowers in April/May; reclining plant. Cultivation: Sun. Dry soil. Nature Note: Plants in the Pea family host butterflies and enrich the soil with nitrogen. Notes: See Thomas Nuttall note in the appendix. Endangered in parts of the Midwest.
More Native Alternatives:
COMMON CINQUEFOIL, p. 16; GOLDEN RAGWORT, p. 35; GREEK VALERIAN, p. 10; MOSS PHLOX,