The Midwestern Native Garden. Charlotte Adelman
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Sun/light shade. Medium or moist soil. Does not tolerate wet soil.
There are many native Geum species, including WATER AVENS, PURPLE AVENS, INDIAN CHOCOLATE (G. rivale); WHITE AVENS (G. canadense); ROUGH AVENS (G. laciniatum). Nature Note: Geum species are pollinated by nectar- or pollen-seeking bees and beneficial wasps, flies, and beetles. Mammalian herbivores avoid the plants; BOWMAN’S ROOT. Genus: Gillenia (G. trifoliata). Note: Threatened in parts of the Midwest; and AMERICAN IPECAC (G. stipulata). The two latter plants create long-lasting groundcovers with airy-looking, attractive seed heads and foliage that remains green through fall.
Yellow avens (Geum aleppicum)
More Native Alternatives:
AMERICAN PASQUEFLOWER, p. 28; CELANDINE POPPY, p. 21; PRAIRIE SMOKE, p. 28.
White avens (Geum canadense)
Nonnative:
BARRENWORT. Family: Barberry (Berberidaceae). Genus: Epimedium (Epimedium spp.). Origin: China, Japan, Europe. Height: 1 foot. Ornamental Attributes: Racemes of small cup-shaped yellow, pink, white, red flowers in spring sometimes get lost in heart-shaped bronze-tinted leaves. Cultivation: Partial shade. Moist rich well-drained soil. Shelter. Mulch.
Barrenwort (Epimedium × versicolor)
Native Alternatives:
YELLOW SEDGE, COMMON OAK SEDGE, PENNSYLVANIA SEDGE, PENN SEDGE, OAK SEDGE. Family: Sedge (Cyperaceae). Genus: Carex (C. pensylvanica, C. marginata, C. stolonifera). Height: 6–12 inches. Ornamental Attributes: Tufts of fine, narrow semievergreen bright green leaves. Yellow-tipped thimble-like flowers. Slowly spreading groundcover. Used for no-mow lawn. Cultivation: Native to deciduous woods. Sun (for moist sites). Part shade (for dry sites). Welldrained soil with average moisture or dry and sandy soil. Nature Note: Native sedges host many butterfly species, including eyed brown (Satyrodes eurydice), dion skipper (Euphyes dion), and eastern dun skipper (Euphyes ruricola), found in fens and swamps. Gardens near wetlands can attract these skippers, and many other skippers and butterflies, with nectar-rich flowers like swamp milkweed and buttonbush. Sedges host grasshoppers such as the striped sedge grasshopper (Stethophyma lineata) and Otte’s sedge grasshopper (Stethophyma celata), various leafhoppers, leaf beetles, and spittlebug nymphs. Sedge seeds attract many kinds of birds.
Yellow sedge (Carex pensylvanica)
Dion skipper (Euphyes dion)
More Native Alternatives:
ALUMROOT, p. 82; BISHOP’S CAP, p. 15; HEARTLEAF FOAMFLOWER, p. 15; WILD BLUE PHLOX, p. 38; CANADIAN WILD GINGER, p. 76.
Eastern dun skipper (Euphyes vestris)
Nonnative:
BASKET OF GOLD, GOLD ALYSSUM. Family: Mustard (Brassicaceae). Genus: Aurinia (A. saxatilis). Origin: Eastern Europe. Height: 12–18 inches. Ornamental Attributes: Yellow flowers. Gray-green foliage. Cultivation: Sun. Well-drained soil. Spreads rapidly by self-seeding. Requires deadheading. Invasiveness Note: Naturalized or invasive in parts of the Midwest.
Basket of gold (Aurinia saxatilis)
Native Alternatives:
EARLY BUTTERCUP. Family: Buttercup (Ranunculaceae). Genus: Ranunculus (R. fascicularis). Height: 6–12 inches. Blooms April/May; BRISTLY BUTTERCUP (R. hispidus). Blooms April to June; LONGBEAK BUTTERCUP (R. longirostris); PRAIRIE, LABRADOR BUTTERCUP (R. rhomboideus). Height: 1–2 feet. Buttercup Ornamental Attributes: Shiny bright yellow often green-centered flowers, with some species blooming March to September. Good in rock gardens and as border plants. Cultivation: Sun. Well-drained or dry soil. Some buttercups need wet or moist soil. Note: Some buttercup species are endangered in parts of the Midwest. Name Note: Ranunculus, from the Latin rana (frog), means “little frog,” because many buttercup species grow near water. Nature Note: Buttercups attract skippers (Polites spp.), swallowtails (Papilionidae spp.), the silvery checkerspot (Chlosyne nycteis), the eastern tailed-blue (Cupido comyntas), and butterflies that prefer yellow flowers like the gorgone checkerspot (Chlosyne gorgone), whose host plants include sunflowers (Helianthus spp.). See pp. 115–16, 138, 194. The major pollinators are flies such as syrphid flies and many bee species, including honeybees (Apis mellifera), little carpenter bees (Ceratina spp.), cuckoo bees (Nomada spp.), mason bees (Osmia spp.), halictid bees (Halictus spp., Lasioglossum spp.), and andrenid bees (Andrena spp.). Eastern chipmunks, gray squirrels, fox squirrels, and voles eat buttercup seeds, but the plants themselves are avoided by mammalian herbivores. Nonnative Note: Do not confuse the many nonnative buttercups with our native buttercups.
Early buttercup (Ranunculus fascicularis)
Gorgone checkerspot (Chlosyne gorgone)
Syrphid flies (Eristalis spp.)
Andrenid bees (Andrena spp.)
Sweat bee (Halictidae)
Eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus)
More Native Alternatives:
ROCKCRESS (foliage), p. 20; COMMON CINQUEFOIL, p. 16; GOLDEN ALEXANDERS,