The Midwestern Native Garden. Charlotte Adelman
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STONECROP, pp. 132–33.
Groundplum milkvetch (Astragalus crassicarpus)
Nonnative:
CELANDINE. Family: Poppy (Papaveraceae). Genus: Chelidonium (C. majus). Origin: Europe, Asia. Height: 1–2 feet. Ornamental Attributes: Yellow flowers are smaller versions of celandine poppy. Cultivation: Light shade. Moist soil. Invasiveness Note: Naturalized or invasive throughout the Midwest.
Celandine (Chelidonium majus)
Native Alternatives:
CELANDINE POPPY, WOOD POPPY, FLAMING POPPY. Family: Poppy (Papaveraceae). Genus: Stylophorum (S. diphyllum). Height: 1–2 feet. Ornamental Attributes: Fuzzy buds produce large yellow flowers March to May and occasionally in summer. Hairy oval seedpods. Deeply lobed leaves remain intact to fall. Broken stems produce yellow sap. “People are invariably drawn towards the plants regardless of other plants in flower at the time. One of the finest wild flowers for bright, effective spring color.”17 The yellow flowers provide a striking color contrast to VIRGINIA BLUEBELLS, which bloom at the same time (p. 18). Cultivation: Dappled sun/light shade. Medium moist and well-drained average garden soil. Nature Note: It is believed that bees pollinate the flowers. Ants are attracted to the seeds’ fleshy edible appendages (elaiosomes) and distribute the seeds. Mammalian herbivores avoid the foliage.
Celandine poppy (Stylophorum diphyllum)
MARSH MARIGOLD, COWSLIP. Family: Buttercup (Ranunculaceae). Genus: Caltha (C. palustris). Height: 8–24 inches. Ornamental Attributes: “Clusters of brilliant yellow flowers of the buttercup type.”18 April to June. Round, glossy leaves. The plant goes dormant in summer. Cultivation: Sun/part shade. Extremely moist or wet soil. Nature Note: The nectar and pollen primarily attract bees such as honeybees and beneficial insects, including the giant bee fly (Bombylius major). Two leaf beetles species are sometimes found on the foliage. Chipmunks (p. 14) eat the seeds but mammalian herbivores avoid the foliage.
Marsh marigold (Caltha palustris)
More Native Alternatives:
BUTTERCUPS, p. 14; COMMON CINQUEFOIL, p. 16; GOLDEN RAGWORT, p. 35.
Nonnative:
COLUMBINE, ALPINE COLUMBINE. Family: Buttercup (Ranunculaceae). Genus: Aquilegia (A. alpina); EUROPEAN COLUMBINE (A. vulgaris). There are cultivars and hybrids. Origin: Europe. Height: 1–2 feet. Ornamental Attributes: Blue, white, or purple bell- or tubular-shaped flowers with spurred petals. The 3-lobed leaves are often blue-green. Cultivar seedlings do not grow to original type. Cultivation: Sun/light shade. Moist well-drained soil. Invasiveness Note: European columbine is naturalized or invasive throughout the Midwest.
Alpine columbine (Aquilegia alpina)
Native Alternatives:
AMERICAN COLUMBINE, CANADIAN COLUMBINE, EASTERN COLUMBINE, RED COLUMBINE, WILD COLUMBINE. Family: Buttercup (Ranunculaceae). Genus: Aquilegia (A. canadensis). Height: 2 feet. Ornamental Attributes: “The form of the flower is unique and exquisitely beautiful. The petals are lengthened into hollow spurs in shape like trumpets with a drop of nectar in each of the closed ends.”19 The red and yellow flowers bloom April to June. The 3-lobed leaves are often blue-green. Cultivation: Sun/light shade. Well-drained moist to dry soil. “Easy to establish in a backyard garden and guarantees visits from hummingbirds.”20 Seedlings do grow to original type. Nature Note: “The native wild columbine is the primary host for the columbine duskywing (Erynnis lucilius).”21 The deep-throated flowers are pollinated by hummingbirds, bees, and the white-lined sphinx, white-lined hawk moth (Hyles lineata), notable for its long tongue. American columbine attracts the Delaware skipper butterfly (Anatrytone logan), unusual for seeking nectar by crawling deep into the throats of tube-like flowers.
American columbine (Aquilegia canadensis)
CUTLEAF TOOTHWORT. Family: Mustard/cabbage (Brassicaceae, Cruciferae). Genus: Dentaria, Cardamine (D. or C. concatenata or D. or C. laciniata). Height: 1 foot. Ornamental Attributes: Spring show of pink, white, or purplish flowers April to June. Clumps of cut-leaved foliage slowly create patches. Cultivation: Light shade. Moist well-drained soil; CRINKLEROOT TOOTHWORT (D. or C. diphylla). White flowers fade to pink. Nature Note: The Mustard family hosts many butterfly species, including the mustard white butterfly (Pieris oleracea), checkered white (Pontia protodice) (p. 20), and olympia marble (Euchloe olympia). The nectar and/or pollen attract adult early spring butterflies, long-tongued and short-tongued bees, and the giant bee fly (Bombylius major). The now-extinct passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) ate toothwort tubers.
Cutleaf toothwort (Cardamine concatenata)
More Native Alternatives:
BANEBERRY, p. 24; BLUE COHOSH, p. 25; EARLY MEADOW-RUE, p. 24; FRINGED BLEEDING HEART, p. 17.
Nonnative:
COLUMBINE MEADOW-RUE. Family: Buttercup (Ranunculaceae). Genus: Thalictrum (T. aquilegifolium); YELLOW MEADOW-RUE (T. flavum). There are cultivars. Origin: Europe, Asia. Height: 2–4 feet. Ornamental Attributes: Pink, white, or yellow flowers. Columbine-like foliage. Cultivation: Light shade. Moist, wet, or medium soil.
Yellow meadow-rue (Thalictrum flavum)
Native Alternatives:
EARLY MEADOW-RUE. Family: Buttercup (Ranunculaceae). Genus: Thalictrum (T. dioicum). Height: 1–2 feet. Ornamental Attributes: “In early April the staminate plant sends up a stem that at the summit divides and subdivides, bearing numbers of tiny, nodding, greenish yellow tassels, shedding pollen in abundance. Its graceful foliage is its greatest charm; the leaves are twice or thrice compound.