Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, 1905–1963. Tabitha Kanogo

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Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, 1905–1963 - Tabitha Kanogo


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Two: Settlers and Squatters: Conflict of Interests 1918–37

       The 1918 Resident Native Labourers Ordinance (RNLO)

       Additional labour legislation

       Settlers and squatter stock

       Settler differences over squatter stock

       ‘Kifagio’

       Squatter resistance

       Squatter production in the inter-war years

       The sanctity of the White Highlands versus squatter assertion: from squatters to wage labourers

       Squatter insecurity

       Squatters and litigation

       Notes

       Three: Social Organisation among Squatters

       Elders’ councils (ciama)

       Official opposition to the kiama

       Circumcision

       The struggle for education

       KISA and Karinga schools

       Self help among squatters: the quest for education

       Kikuyu Private Schools Association

       The missions

       Notes

       Four: The Crisis: Decline in Squatter Welfare 1938–48

       The 1937 Resident Native Labourers Ordinance: provisions and implications

       Olenguruone

       The Olenguruone scheme

       Resistance at Olenguruone

       The Olenguruone oath

       Notes

       Five: Politics of Protest: Mau Mau

       Post-war political mobilisation

       KCA and KAU mobilisation

       Militant politics among the squatters

       The social basis of Mau Mau in the White Highlands

       The rise of violence

       Mau Mau food supplies: the women’s war

       Mau Mau and the control of the Rift Valley

       The return of Kikuyu squatters to the White Highlands

       Notes

       Six: The Post Mau Mau Period: The Independence Bargain and the Plight of the Squatters, 1955–63

       The Kenya Land Freedom Army

       Liberal European politics

       Land and politics

       The peasantisation of the White Highlands

       Notes

       Conclusion

       List of Informants

       Biographical Notes on Key Informants

       Select Bibliography

       Index

       Acknowledgements

      I am greatly indebted to the many people and institutions that have been helpful in the course of preparing this work. The study began as a Ph.D. dissertation for the University of Nairobi. I would like to thank my two supervisors, Prof. Godfrey Muriuki and Dr Atieno-Odhiambo for their constructive and stimulating criticism of the drafts. Prof. Ahmed I. Salim kindly joined hands with Prof. Muriuki during Dr Atieno-Odhiambo’s absence on sabbatical leave and offered valuable help.

      The United States Agency for International Development funded the initial two-year grant while the University of Nairobi awarded me a one-year grant between December 1977 and November 1978. Both grants went a long way towards financing the research.

      The members of the Department of History, Kenyatta University College, deserve special thanks for sharing my teaching load while I completed the dissertation. I am especially grateful to them for shouldering my departmental duties while I took a Rhodes Fellowship at Somerville College, Oxford, between 1982 and 1985, during which time I completed the research necessary for the revision and restructuring of the thesis and its conversion into this book. I would also like to thank the Rhodes trustees for funding the fellowship that has enabled me to write this book. Somerville College was my home away from home and I am grateful for the support and welcome that its staff and Principal, Miss Daphne Park, extended to me.

      The staff of several libraries were very supportive during the various stages of this work. Librarians at the Kenya National Archives, the McMillan library and the University of Nairobi libraries in Kenya deserve many thanks. I spent long periods at Rhodes House library and at the Institute for Commonwealth Studies library. In both places the staff were most helpful. The Public Records Office library rendered good service.

      Dr John Lonsdale deserves special thanks. He read all the draft chapters of this book and offered invaluable advice and support. David Throup and David Anderson made useful suggestions on earlier drafts. Mrs Selina Cohen sub-edited and typed the whole manuscript. I am very grateful for her patience and good work.

      I wish to thank my various informants who willingly took time off for the interviews. The data thus gathered has been vital in the writing of this book. I am grateful to Lady Pamela Scott, Penina Nyawira and the late Selina Lyndall, who provided me with accommodation at different times of my fieldwork research. I would also like to thank Jane Nandwa, Gill Short, Tom Forrest, Niamh Hardiman and Tajudeen Abdul-Raheem for their encouragement. My family has patiently supported me, always. To them I say ‘thank you’. However, the responsibility for any errors or distortions is entirely mine.

       List of Abbreviations

AADAfrican Affairs Department
AIMAfrican Inland Mission
ARAnnual Report
CMSChurch Missionary Society
CNCentral Nyanza – including the Kisumu Londianiarea
CNCChief Native Commissioner
COColonial Office documents held at Public Records Office, Kew Gardens, London
CSMChurch of Scotland Mission
DARDistrict Annual Report
DCDistrict Commissioner
DODistrict Officer
EAISREast Africa Institute of Social Research
EALBEast Africa Labour Bureau
EAPHEast African Publishing House
EASEast
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