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using ferroceneboronic acid Robust analytical method for measuring glycated haemoglobin Wang et al. [52] 3. Uric acid biosensor Electrochemistry For detection of clinical abnormalities or diseases Erden and Kilic [53] and Kim et al. [54] 4. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition-based biosensors Electrochemistry Understanding pesticidal impact Pundir and Chauhan [55] 5. Piezoelectric biosensors Electrochemistry Detecting organophosphate and carbamate Marrazza [56] 6. Microfabricated biosensor Optical/visual biosensor using cytochrome P450 enzyme For drug development Schneider and Clark [57] 7. Hydrogel (polyacrylamide)-based biosensor Optical/visual biosensor Biomolecular immobilisation Khimji et al. [58] 8. Silicon biosensor Optical/visual/fluorescence Bioimaging, biosensing, and cancer therapy Peng et al. [59] and Shen et al. [60] 9. Quartz crystal biosensor Electromagnetic For developing ultrahigh-sensitive detection of proteins in liquids Ogi [61] 10. Nanomaterials-based biosensors Electrochemical or optical/visual/fluorescence For multifaceted applications including biomedicine, e.g. diagnostic tools Li et al. [62], Kwon and Bard [63], Zhou et al. [64], Guo [65], Hutter and Maysinger [66], Ko et al. [67], Senveli and Tigli [68], Valentini et al. [69], Lamprecht et al. [70], and Sang et al. [71] 11. Genetically encoded or fluorescence-tagged biosensor Fluorescence For understanding biological process including various molecular systems inside the cell Randriamampita and Lellouch [72], Oldach and Zhang [73], Kunzelmann et al. [74], and Wang et al. [75] 12. Microbial fuel-cell-based biosensors Optical To monitor biochemical oxygen demand and toxicity in the environment and heavy metal and pesticidal toxicity Gutierrez et al. [76] and Sun et al. [77]

Table 3.2 Use of biosensors in disease diagnosis.

No.	Biosensor(s)	Disease diagnosis or medical applications
1.	Glucose oxidase electrode-based biosensor and HbA1c biosensor	Diabetes
2.	Uric acid biosensor	Cardiovascular and general disease diagnosis
3.	Microfabricated biosensor	Optical corrections
4.	Hydrogel (polyacrylamide)-based biosensor	Regenerative medicine
5.	Silicon biosensor	Cancer biomarker development and applications
6.	Nanomaterials-based biosensors	For therapeutic applications

References

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