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who visited the previous year. Nearly all of them

       were passengers on 21 commercial (nongovernmental) ships and several

       yachts that made trips during the summer. Most tourist trips lasted

       approximately two weeks.

      Communications Antarctica

      Telephones - main lines in use:

       0

       note: information for US bases only (2001)

      Telephones - mobile cellular:

       NA; Iridium system in use

      Telephone system:

       general assessment: local systems at some research stations

       domestic: NA

       international: via satellite from some research stations

      Radio broadcast stations:

       AM NA, FM 2, shortwave 1

       note: information for US bases only (2002)

      Radios:

       NA

      Television broadcast stations:

       1 (cable system with six channels; American Forces Antarctic

       Network-McMurdo)

       note: information for US bases only (2002)

      Televisions:

       several hundred at McMurdo Station (US)

       note: information for US bases only (2001)

      Internet country code:

       .aq

      Internet Service Providers (ISPs):

       NA

      Transportation Antarctica

      Ports and harbors:

       there are no developed ports and harbors in Antarctica; most

       coastal stations have offshore anchorages, and supplies are

       transferred from ship to shore by small boats, barges, and

       helicopters; a few stations have a basic wharf facility; US coastal

       stations include McMurdo (77 51 S, 166 40 E), Palmer (64 43 S, 64 03

       W); government use only except by permit (see Permit Office under

       "Legal System"); all ships at port are subject to inspection in

       accordance with Article 7, Antarctic Treaty; offshore anchorage is

       sparse and intermittent

      Airports:

       30

       note: 30 stations, operated by 16 national governments party to the

       Antarctic Treaty, have aircraft landing facilities for either

       helicopters and/or fixed-wing aircraft; commercial enterprises

       operate two additional aircraft landing facilities; helicopter pads

       are available at 27 stations; runways at 15 locations are gravel,

       sea-ice, blue-ice, or compacted snow suitable for landing wheeled,

       fixed-wing aircraft; of these, 1 is greater than 3 km in length, 6

       are between 2 km and 3 km in length, 3 are between 1 km and 2 km in

       length, 3 are less than 1 km in length, and 2 are of unknown length;

       snow surface skiways, limited to use by ski-equipped, fixed-wing

       aircraft, are available at another 15 locations; of these, 4 are

       greater than 3 km in length, 3 are between 2 km and 3 km in length,

       2 are between 1 km and 2 km in length, 2 are less than 1 km in

       length, and 4 are of unknown length; aircraft landing facilities

       generally subject to severe restrictions and limitations resulting

       from extreme seasonal and geographic conditions; aircraft landing

       facilities do not meet ICAO standards; advance approval from the

       respective governmental or nongovernmental operating organization

       required for landing; landed aircraft are subject to inspection in

       accordance with Article 7, Antarctic Treaty (2002)

      Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 19 over 3,047 m: 6 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 5 (2002) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1

      Heliports: 27 stations have helicopter landing facilities (helipads) (2002)

      Military Antarctica

      Military - note:

       the Antarctic Treaty prohibits any measures of a military nature,

       such as the establishment of military bases and fortifications, the

       carrying out of military maneuvers, or the testing of any type of

       weapon; it permits the use of military personnel or equipment for

       scientific research or for any other peaceful purposes

      Transnational Issues Antarctica

      Disputes - international:

       Antarctic Treaty freezes claims (see Antarctic Treaty Summary in

       Government type entry); sections (some overlapping) claimed by

       Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and UK; the US and

       most other states do not recognize the territorial claims of other

       states and have made no claims themselves (the US and Russia reserve

       the right to do so); no claims have been made in the sector between

       90 degrees west and 150 degrees west; several states with land

       claims in Antarctica have expressed their intention to submit data

       to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf to

       extend their continental shelf claims to adjoining undersea ridges

      This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

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      @Antigua and Barbuda

      Introduction Antigua and Barbuda

      Background:

       The Siboney were the first to inhabit the islands of Antigua and

       Barbuda in 2400 B.C., but Arawak and Carib Indians populated the

       islands when Columbus landed on his second voyage in 1493. Early

       settlements by the Spanish and French were succeeded by the English

       who formed a colony in 1667. Slavery, established to run the sugar

       plantations on Antigua, was abolished in 1834. The islands became an

       independent state within the British Commonwealth of Nations in 1981.

      Geography Antigua and Barbuda

      Location:

       Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic

       Ocean, east-southeast of Puerto Rico

      Geographic coordinates:

       17 03 N, 61 48 W

      Map references:

       Central America and the Caribbean

      Area:

       total: 443 sq km (Antigua 280 sq km; Barbuda 161 sq km)

       water: 0 sq km

       note: includes Redonda, 1.6 sq km

       land: 443 sq km

      Area - comparative:

      

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