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unpaved runways: total: 31 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 13 under 914 m: 16 (1998 est.)

      Military

      Military branches: Army, Air Force, National Gendarmerie,

       National Police, People's Militia

      Military manpower—availability:

       males age 15–49: 2,399,724 (1999 est.)

      Military manpower—fit for military service:

       males age 15–49: 1,230,713 (1999 est.)

      Military expenditures—dollar figure: $66 million (1996)

      Military expenditures—percent of GDP: 2% (1996)

      Transnational Issues

      Disputes—international: none

      ======================================================================

      @Burma——

      Geography

      Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the

       Bay of Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand

      Geographic coordinates: 22 00 N, 98 00 E

      Map references: Southeast Asia

      Area:

       total: 678,500 sq km

       land: 657,740 sq km

       water: 20,760 sq km

      Area—comparative: slightly smaller than Texas

      Land boundaries:

       total: 5,876 km

       border countries: Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km, India 1,463 km,

       Laos 235 km, Thailand 1,800 km

      Coastline: 1,930 km

      Maritime claims:

       contiguous zone: 24 nm

       continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

       exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

       territorial sea: 12 nm

      Climate: tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)

      Terrain: central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands

      Elevation extremes:

       lowest point: Andaman Sea 0 m

       highest point: Hkakabo Razi 5,881 m

      Natural resources: petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc,

       copper, tungsten, lead, coal, some marble, limestone, precious

       stones, natural gas

      Land use:

       arable land: 15%

       permanent crops: 1%

       permanent pastures: 1%

       forests and woodland: 49%

       other: 34% (1993 est.)

      Irrigated land: 10,680 sq km (1993 est.)

      Natural hazards: destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding

       and landslides common during rainy season (June to September);

       periodic droughts

      Environment—current issues: deforestation; industrial pollution

       of air, soil, and water; inadequate sanitation and water treatment

       contribute to disease

      Environment—international agreements:

       party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the

       Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,

       Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94

       signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

      Geography—note: strategic location near major Indian Ocean

       shipping lanes

      People

      Population: 48,081,302 (July 1999 est.)

      Age structure:

       0–14 years: 36% (male 8,883,099; female 8,542,087)

       15–64 years: 60% (male 14,343,888; female 14,293,233)

       65 years and over: 4% (male 906,517; female 1,112,478) (1999 est.)

      Population growth rate: 1.61% (1999 est.)

      Birth rate: 28.48 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)

      Death rate: 12.39 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)

      Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)

      Sex ratio:

       at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

       under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

       15–64 years: 1 male(s)/female

       65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female

       total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (1999 est.)

      Infant mortality rate: 76.25 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)

      Life expectancy at birth: total population: 54.74 years male: 53.24 years female: 56.32 years (1999 est.)

      Total fertility rate: 3.63 children born/woman (1999 est.)

      Nationality:

       noun: Burmese (singular and plural)

       adjective: Burmese

      Ethnic groups: Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese

       3%, Mon 2%, Indian 2%, other 5%

      Religions: Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic

       1%), Muslim 4%, animist beliefs 1%, other 2%

      Languages: Burmese, minority ethnic groups have their own

       languages

      Literacy:

       definition: age 15 and over can read and write

       total population: 83.1%

       male: 88.7%

       female: 77.7% (1995 est.)

      Government

      Country name:

       conventional long form: Union of Burma

       conventional short form: Burma

       local long form: Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw (translated by the

       US Government as Union of Myanma and by the Burmese as Union of

       Myanmar)

       local short form: Myanma Naingngandaw

       former: Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma

      Data code: BM

      Government type: military regime

      Capital: Rangoon (regime refers to the capital as Yangon)

      Administrative divisions: 7 divisions* (yin-mya, singular—yin)

       and 7 states (pyine-mya, singular—pyine); Chin State, Ayeyarwady*,

       Bago*, Kachin State, Kayin State, Kayah State, Magway*, Mandalay*,

       Mon State, Rakhine State, Sagaing*, Shan State, Tanintharyi*, Yangon*

      Independence: 4 January 1948 (from UK)

      National holiday: Independence Day, 4 January (1948)

      Constitution: 3 January 1974 (suspended since 18 September 1988); national convention started on 9 January 1993 to draft a new constitution; chapter headings and three of 15 sections have been

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