Honey Bee Medicine for the Veterinary Practitioner. Группа авторов

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Honey Bee Medicine for the Veterinary Practitioner - Группа авторов


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including that which attaches the leg to the thorax (Figure 3.2). Each joint is restricted to motion in only one plane, but this constraint is overcome as each of the six joints in the leg move in different planes, thus enabling considerable dexterity and agility (Snodgrass et al. 2015). Each leg segment is named as shown in Figure 3.2, so the honey bee has six femurs, six tibias, etc.

      Source: Photo courtesy of Cynthia Faux.

Photo depicts honey bee foraging on prairie spiderwort Tradescantia occidentalis with pollen loaded into her corbiculae.

      Source: Photo courtesy of Zachary Y. Huang.

Photo depicts an antenna cleaner.

      Source: Photo courtesy of Jamie Perkins.

      Source: Photo courtesy of Jamie Perkins.

Photo depicts circulatory and respiratory system.

      Source: Illustration by Patrick D. Wilson.

      Insect “blood” is called hemolymph, as it is devoid of oxygen‐carrying cells. Delivery of oxygen and nutrients to, and collection of waste products from, the tissues and organs is accomplished by diffusion in an “open” circulatory system. (Figure 3.7) A single hemolymph vessel lies along the dorsal midline. Hemolymph flows into openings within this region, called the heart, and is pumped cranially through the thoracic region (aorta) toward the head. Hemolymph leaves the aorta and flows back toward the caudal thorax and abdomen, where it re‐enters the circulation. Hemocytes within the hemolymph play a role in the insect's immune system (Snodgrass et al. 2015).

      As in mammals, the brain lies within the bee's head; however, in bees a ventral nerve cord exits the head and passes caudally through the ventral aspect of the thorax and abdomen. The peripheral nervous system extends from the ventral nerve cord (Figure 3.8) (Snodgrass et al. 2015).

      Source: Illustration by Patrick D. Wilson.

      The digestive system of the honey bee begins with the mouth, including the proboscis. The esophagus is long, passing through the head and thorax before it empties into the crop, or “honey stomach,” in the cranial portion of the abdomen. The abdomen of the bee visibly expands (see Figure 8.7) when the insect ingests fluids (water, nectar, or honey) and the crop fills (Snodgrass et al. 2015).


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