Bovine Reproduction. Группа авторов

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Bovine Reproduction - Группа авторов


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environmental microorganisms and normal flora, Parsonson et al. described a technique to obtain vesicular gland secretions for microbiologic examination [10]. After clipping preputial hair, the penis is extended by transrectal massage of the urethralis muscle. The glans penis is restrained by grasping it manually with sterile gauze sponges and wearing sterile gloves. After washing and disinfecting the end of the penis, the urethra is irrigated with sterile saline utilizing a sterile teat cannula. A 25‐ to 30‐cm sterile Silastic tube is passed up the urethra to a point leaving 2.5–5 cm protruding from the penis. The vesicular glands are then massaged and the secretions are collected into a sterile container.

      Several treatment modalities for vesicular adenitis have been utilized. These include multiple systemic antimicrobials given at several different dosages and frequencies. Intraglandular antibiotics and intraglandular chemical ablation have shown some success. Surgical removal of chronically infected glands has been described.

      Many systemic, parenteral antibiotics have been used in the past to attempt treatment of vesicular adenitis. Since spontaneous recovery commonly occurs in younger bulls, evaluation of treatment methods is complicated [4]. Earlier antimicrobials utilized include penicillin, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol (no longer legal), sulfamethazine, florfenicol, and cetiofur [2]. These medications all produced poor treatment success rates, even though the bacterial isolates from the vesicular glands are usually sensitive to most antibiotics [2, 11]. Success was improved when increased dosages of these agents was used. Unfortunately, even at twice the recommended dose, these antibiotics often do not reach inhibitory concentrations in vesicular gland tissue [2]. Antibiotics that are highly lipid soluble and low protein binding possess a pH higher than vesicular gland fluid along with a favorable pKa, and should be chosen [4, 12]. Due to the varying clinical signs of vesicular adenitis, establishing whether treatment is successful can be difficult. Treatment can be considered successful when the ejaculate contains less than one neutrophil per five high‐powered fields (1000×) [4].

      Intraglandular injection of antimicrobials or chemical ablation agents is another option for treatment of refractory vesicular adenitis. Multiple antimicrobial agents have been utilized in this technique, all with varying results. Success has been achieved in some cases utilizing a single intraglandular injection of ceftiofur or penicillin. In one study, bulls were treated with intraglandular penicillin or intraglandular ceftiofur. Bulls that did not recover were treated with whichever antibiotic was not used initially. Approximately half of the bulls receiving the second treatment responded. Bulls that did not recover after intraglandular treatment with ceftiofur and penicillin recovered after three treatments of tilmicosin [13].

Photo depicts placement of a 14-gauge needle through the skin.

      Source: Courtesy Josh Thompson.

Photo depicts passing a 30-cm, 18-gauge needle through the 14-gauge needle into the vesicular gland.

      Source: Courtesy Josh Thompson.

Photo depicts removing the stylus from the needle then the proper solution is injected into the vesicular gland.

      Source: Courtesy Josh Thompson.

      Surgical removal of the vesicular glands may be considered in bulls that do not spontaneously recover or do not respond to antimicrobial treatment or ablation. A subrectal approach has been described that provides better visualization of the vesicular glands and improved postsurgical fertility than traditional pararectal approaches. None of the described techniques for surgical gland removal has provided uniform success in returning a bull to function [1].

      1 1 Wolfe, D. (1999). Accessory sex glands. In: Large Animal Urogenital Surgery (eds. D.M. Wolfe and H.D. Moll), 321–325. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins.

      2 2 Barth, A. (2015). Vesicular adenitis. In: Bovine Reproduction (ed. R.M. Hopper), 109–112. Ames, IA: Wiley.

      3 3 Cavalieri, J. and Van Camp, S. (1997). Bovine seminal vesiculitis: a review and update. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 13: 233–241.

      4 4 Koziol, J. and Armstrong, C. (2018). Transrectal examination. In: Society for Theriogenology Manual for Breeding Soundness Examination of Bulls (eds. J.H. Koziol and C.L. Armstrong), 43–45. Montgomery, AL: Society for Theriogenology.

      5 5 Grotelueshen, D., Morimer, R., and Ellis, R. (1994). Vesicular adenitis syndrome in beef bulls. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 205: 874–877.

      6 6 Blom, E. (1979). Studies on seminal vesiculitis


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