Bovine Reproduction. Группа авторов

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Bovine Reproduction - Группа авторов


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the bull enters the chute, the examination should begin with the head. The areas on and around the eyes should be examined for squamous cell carcinomas, corneal damage, and lymphomas. The nasal passages are checked for even and equal air flow, the oral cavity is examined for abnormalities, and the age of the bull is confirmed by checking the dentition (Figure 8.2). This is also a good vantage from which to observe the front feet for interdigital fibromas and the screw claw abnormality.

Photo depicts examination of the oral cavity and dentition to assess aging.

      Scrotum and Testicles

      Ancillary testing utilizing ultrasound or thermography, although usually not necessary to classify a bull by the SFT standards, can be useful to further investigate abnormalities discovered during the physical examination [2].

      Internal Reproductive Genitalia

      A transrectal examination is utilized to evaluate the internal reproductive genitalia and can be aided or enhanced with the use of ultrasound. Each of the secondary sex organs should be carefully identified and palpated for any changes from the norm. The urethralis muscle is the first to be encountered and should be palpated for abscesses and tumors. As you palpate forward, the prostate and seminal vesicles (vesicular glands) are encountered. Palpation of both vesicular glands should begin at the bifurcation with the vesicle surrounded by the hand as it is palpated toward and to each distal endpoint. Texture, size, the presence of heat or pain, and distinction of the lobulations should be noted. Vesicular adenitis is one of the most common abnormalities suggested by the internal reproductive examination. Evidence of previous infection or injuries to the seminal vesicles can also be diagnosed by the presence of fibrosis and adhesions. Approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of vesicular adenitis are discussed in Chapter 14. The paired ampullae should be examined next for abnormalities as well as gently massaged to aid in semen collection. The examiner should use the transrectal examination as an opportunity to palpate the internal inguinal rings for size and the presence of hernias. The caudal abdomen should also be palpated for the presence of enlarged lymph nodes that could be suggestive of infection or neoplasia [5].

      Penis and Internal Prepuce

      The penis has already been palpated during the examination of the external prepuce but must be carefully examined and palpated while extended during the collection stage of the BBSE. Problems such as warts, hair rings, lacerations, and persistent frenulum will be discovered at this point. The internal prepuce presents itself for thorough examination during erection, allowing the opportunity to observe lacerations, warts, and fibrotic areas from old injuries that may cause deviations of the penis preventing coitus. The necessity of completely extending the penis at some point of the examination cannot be overemphasized as the previously mentioned conditions will be missed if this is not done. In‐depth coverage of urogenital injuries and their diagnosis, management, and correction are covered in Chapters 15, 18, and 19.

Photo depicts the correct way to measure SC. The testes are pushed toward the bottom of the scrotum and the scrotal tape is placed at the widest area. Photo depicts transrectal palpation to evaluate the internal reproductive tract and prepare the bull for electroejaculation.

      The SC measurement is obtained while doing the general and reproductive examination [6]. It can be obtained from the side or the rear, depending on preference, facilities, and the bull's temperament.


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