1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Evolution of the use of “disinformation,” “fake news...Figure 1.2 Research clusters concerning disinformation.14

      2 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Veracity perception and level of professionalism ...Figure 4.2 Message–topic intersections. The plot consists of a matrix...Figure 4.3 Message–tone intersections. The plot consists of a matrix...Figure 4.4 Seven messages alleging misconduct during the PT ...Figure 4.5 A 19-minute video denouncing communist co-option of Brazilian youth...Figure 4.6 Short-form video (meme) that aggregates left-wing political ...Figure 4.7 During the first round, while former president Lula was still ...

      3 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Pedro Sánchez’s tweet about the blacklist of gender ...Figure 7.2 El País's recognition of errors...Figure 7.3 Abascal’s tweet echoing a tweet from former UPyD leader Rosa Díez.100Figure 7.4 Rivera's tweet showing him in a meeting...Figure 7.5 Pablo Casado’s tweet about immigration.102

      4 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Issues regarding the verifications.Figure 8.2 Results of the verifications.

      5 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Examples of content posted by the fact-checking organizations ...Figure 10.2 Examples of content posted by political ...

      6 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Cross-national comparison.Figure 13.2 Dendrogram using Ward Linkage.Figure 13.3 Country means for each cluster.

      1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Annual production indexed in WoSTable 1.2 The 10 countries that produce thegreatest volume..Table 1.3 Most-cited articles (total accumulated citations)Table 1.4 Distribution of articles by themeTable 1.5 Media subjected to analysisTable 1.6 Methods employed articles on disinformation in WoS

      2 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Scholarly literature on fake news

      3 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Comparison of Disinformation between 2018 and 2019Table 5.2 Disinformation at Presidential Election 2019

      4 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Corpus: Tweets from 12 to 19 April 2019Table 7.2 Occurrences of the keywords analyzedTable 7.3 Tweets related to misinformation that mention the analyzed keywords

      5 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Methodology.

      6 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Study participants

      7 Chapter 13Table 13.1 List of factors and measuresTable 13.2 Tests of normality (Shapiro-Wilks)Table 13.3 Pearson correlations between factorsTable 13.4 Component matrixTable 13.5 Coefficients.Table 13.6 Coefficients.

      1  Cover

      2  Title page

      3  Copyright

      4  Dedication

      5 Table of Contents

      6  Begin Reading

      7  About the Authors

      8  Index

      9  End User License Agreement

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