Politics of Disinformation. Группа авторов
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sent to the public. The snowball of disinformation can, in fact, sustain itself and improve its effectiveness in each wave (Tucker et al. 2018).
The potential of social networks to disseminate disinformation rises in importance while their role as main sources of information gains strength (Gottfried and Shearer 2017), especially during electoral processes (Allcott and Gentzkow 2017). Given that disinformation takes advantage of increasingly polarized public opinion (Horta Ribeiro et al. 2017; Lewandowsky et al. 2017), its pernicious effects on political debate and decision-making demand greater knowledge of the reasoning behind the dissemination of disinformation (Flynn et al. 2017).
Post-truth consequences in democracy have received much social, political, and academic attention in recent years. This book is a collection of international studies that are representative of leading research focusing on disinformation. It is structured in parts that correspond to the book’s four main objectives: first, to offer theoretical approaches to disinformation; second, to analyze the role of disinformation in politics; third, to expand on disinformation fact-checking strategies; and finally, to further explore the exposure and effects of disinformation.
The three chapters included in Part I of the book provide the theoretical basis to understand disinformation. In “Disinformation Matters: Analyzing the Academic Production” (Chapter 1), Nereida Cea and Bella Palomo explain how this topic has become a fertile, priority, and worldwide line of research. In “A Materialist Approach to Fake News” (Chapter 2), Thales Lelo and Roseli Fígaro systematize the main trends in current scholarship regarding fake news to propose a materialistic approach to the issue. They try to elucidate socio-historical aspects that connect fake news with profound transformations in capital accumulation cycles. Chapter 3, “Using International Relations Theories to Understand Disinformation: Soft Power, Narrative Turns, and New Wars” by Giuseppe Anzera and Alessandra Massa, describes how disinformation is affected by long-standing trends and the competitive manipulation of information through actions designed to reshape reality to attain political goals.
Part II, Disinformation in Politics, focuses on recent international cases of disinformation in political campaigns. Rose Marie Santini, Giulia Tucci, Débora Salles and Alda Rosana D. de Almeida analyze the role of instant messaging services that enable disinformation to be spread during elections, in “Do You Believe in Fake After All? WhatsApp Disinformation Campaign During the 2018 Brazilian Presidential Election” (Chapter 4). Masduki, in Chapter 5, “The Politics of Disinformation in Indonesia (2014–2019),” examines the growth of disinformation practices in developing democracies, such as Indonesia, and the detrimental effects of fake news, hoaxes, and misleading information in election years. The next chapter, “Ideology and Disinformation: How False News Stories Contributed to Brexit” (Chapter 6), by Imke Henkel, offers an insight into how British newspapers, notably the tabloid press, filled their pages with hostility toward European institutions for decades and influenced public opinion on Brexit. Lorena Cano-Orón, Germán Llorca-Abad and Guillermo López-García close this part of the book with Chapter 7, “Spanish Politicians Dealing with Fake News in the April 2019 General Election,” aiming to detect the creation and spread of fake news on Twitter by Spanish political parties during the April 2019 general election campaign.
Part III, Fact-checking in Politics, emphasizes the role of several initiatives that have been implemented to combat disinformation. Dolors Palau-Sampio and Adolfo Carratalá compare three fact-checking projects in “Checking Verifications: Focus and Scope of Collaborative Projects to Monitor Election Campaigns in France, Brazil, and Spain” (Chapter 8), to delve into the aims and limitations that they present. Tomás Dodds, in “Structures of Resistance: Citizen-generated Reporting in Times of Social Unrest” (Chapter 9), examines the practices that emerged from civil society to fight against disinformation and fake news in Chile during the so-called October Revolution, the waves of antigovernment protests and cultural manifestations across the country. Eva Campos-Domínguez, Cristina Renedo Farpón, Dafne Calvo, and María Díez-Garrido focus on automated verification to discover how political parties and fact-checking organizations in Spain deal with disinformation during electoral campaigns and the appropriateness of the adopted measures in “Robot Strategies for Combating Disinformation in Election Campaigns: A Fact-checking Response from Parties and Organizations” (Chapter 10). The last chapter of this part of the book, “‘That Prodigious Machinery Designed to Exclude’: The Discourse of Post-truth in Algorithmic Culture” (Chapter 11), by Jakub Nowak, offers a theoretical approach to the post-truth phenomenon as being inherently tied to how digital public spheres work, by tracking its connections with the transformation of media markets and changing patterns of news distribution.
Finally, Part IV, The Effects of Disinformation on Everyday Life, includes three chapters that address different perspectives on exposure to disinformation. In “Teens, Social Media, and Fake News: A User’s Perspective” (Chapter 12), Heidi Mercenier, Victor Wiard and Marie Dufrasne analyze how teenagers receive, perceive, and interact with fake news on social media, drawing on focus groups composed of high-school students. Carlos Rodríguez-Pérez and Gustavo R. García-Vargas, in “Understanding Which Factors Promote Exposure to Online Disinformation” (Chapter 13), examine the conditions under which citizens are more resilient or more likely to be associated with exposure to and concern about online disinformation in four Latin-American countries and 17 Western democracies. The final chapter, “Rumoring, Disinformation, and Contentious Politics in the Digital Age: The Case of China and Beyond” (Chapter 14) by Jun Liu, presents an alternative understanding of rumor as disinformation, focusing on contentious politics in an authoritarian context like the People’s Republic of China.
This book is dedicated to one of its co-editors, Professor Dr Pere Masip, who passed away on July 18, 2021. Pere was an inspiring teacher and a rigorous researcher with vast knowledge; he had an insatiable intellectual curiosity that emerged from his wide-ranging education in archaeology, documentation, and journalism. His thoroughness, search for excellence, enormous capacity for work, and passion for research allowed him to easily lead projects and build cross-border networks and initiatives, which came together through digital journalism. His skills forged a professional reputation that has left an enduring legacy at his university and were surpassed only by his human qualities and enormous generosity with colleagues and students, because Pere Masip was one of those people who made this world better.
For us, the other co-editors of this book, the death of our colleague Pere has been a tremendous and unexpected shock because, despite the seriousness of his illness, we had been affected by his optimism for recovery; he threw himself into his academic work with enthusiasm and commitment until the end. He had suggested we create this book—a project about which he was enormously excited—after attending the 2019 IAMCR pre-conference in Valencia, “Disinformation and Political Processes: Media Strategies and Audience Attitudes,” which also arose from his inexhaustible energy and generosity. It has been a joy and a privilege to know, learn from, work, and live with Professor Pere Masip; his premature passing has affected us all. His memory will endure in his work, in all the many people who knew him, and in our hearts.
Pere, thank you for your help, and for inspiring and guiding us for so many years.
Acknowledgements
The editors want to remember that this book is a result of the International Association for Media and Communication