Change Detection and Image Time-Series Analysis 1. Группа авторов

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Change Detection and Image Time-Series Analysis 1 - Группа авторов


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analyses based on the obtained CD accuracy and error indices (see Table 1.2) and the obtained CD maps (see Figure 1.10), it can be observed that the proposed M2C2VA and SPC2VA approaches resulted in higher performance than the reference methods, with respect to the higher OA and Kappa values and smaller detection errors (see Table 1.2). In particular, SPC2VA achieved the highest accuracy (i.e. OA = 92.74% and Kappa = 0.7464), outperforming the other methods. Improvement can also be observed from the obtained change maps by comparing them with the reference map; the identified change targets are more accurate in the two proposed approaches (i.e. Figure 1.10(c) and (d)) than those in the two reference methods (i.e. Figure 1.10(a) and (b)). In two reference methods, S2CVA showed better performance than IR-MAD. As for the computational cost, the proposed SPC2VA approach exhibited efficient performance, which consumed less time than the proposed M2C2VA and IR-MAD, and similar or slightly more time than S2CVA (i.e. 8.91 s vs. 7.12 s), but yielding a significantly higher OA value (i.e. 92.74% vs. 87.74%).

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      1.5.2. Results on the Indonesia tsunami dataset

Schematic illustration of the comparison of the multiclass CD maps. Schematic illustration of 2D compressed change in the polar domain.

      From the CD maps shown at the global scale (first row) and the local scale (second and third rows) in Figure 1.13 and the CD accuracies in Table 1.3, we can see that the proposed approach SPC2VA obtained the highest accuracy (i.e. OA: 93.69% and Kappa: 0.8244) among all of the considered methods. The proposed M2C2VA also showed good results and outperformed the two reference methods. Smaller detection errors were found (i.e. 361,842 and 517,007 pixels in the two proposed approaches against 908,649 and 806,039 pixels in the two reference methods), especially the CE values. The detected change targets are more homogeneous and regular with respect to their shapes and spatial distributions (see Figure 1.13(c) and (d)). This demonstrates that the proposed spectral–spatial approaches are able to deal with CD for large-scale data and offer a high detection performance, i.e. enhancing the change targets and suppressing the no-change class. For two pixel-wise reference methods, S2CVA performed better than IR-MAD, as in the IR-MAD results, change and no-change pixels are highly mixed in their spectral representation, leading to a relatively poor detection accuracy. This is due to the complexity of the CD task in the high spatial resolution multispectral images, and the pixel-wise correlation analysis may fail to properly model the change targets solely based on spectral information. From the point of view of the computational cost, the two proposed methods resulted in a higher time cost than the two reference methods, but still at an acceptable level. Therefore, from the careful qualitative analysis on both the global and local scales of the obtained CD maps and the quantitative accuracy analysis, the effectiveness of the proposed approaches in addressing a large complex multi-CD problem is validated.


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