Figure 1.3 Risk matrix example.

      In two instances, shop floor personnel said to safety professionals that relating numbers to each other first – such as 6–12 – was a big help in understanding whether the risk category was moderate or high‐risk. If using a risk assessment matrix in which numbers are used to begin with to establish risk levels makes the process more understandable and acceptable for operating personnel, that should be encouraged.

      It is important to understand that the numbers in Figure 1.3 were intuitively derived: they are semi‐quantitative. Thus, the numbers have value only in relation to each other. And that is the case for all risk scoring systems that are not based on hard probability and severity numbers, which are rarely available.

Note that this Risk Assessment Matrix pertains to personal injury and illness, system loss or down time (from any source), and environmental release. Others may not be as inclusive.

1.7 European Union – Risk Assessment

      In August 2008, The European Union launched a two‐year health and safety campaign focusing on risk assessment. Their bulletin said:

      Risk assessment is the cornerstone of the European approach to prevent occupational accidents and ill health. If the risk assessment process – the start of the health and safety management approach – is not done well or not at all, the appropriate preventive measures are unlikely to be identified or put in place.

      This bulletin, although exceptionally important, is no longer available on the Internet as a European Union Bulletin. It is available through “Prevention and Control Strategies – OSHWIKI” at https://oshwiki.eu/wiki/Prevention_and_control_strategies.

      This author considers the statement made by the European Union as seminal. Consider its significance and huge implications. It specifically states that risk assessment should be the cornerstone of a safety and health system and that if risk assessment is not done well or not at all, the needed preventive measures are unlikely to be identified or taken.

      The Europeans have been leaders in recognizing the importance of risk assessments and promoting their application. For example, employers in the United Kingdom have been required to make risk assessments by law since 1999. Indications of other European involvement follow:

       EN ISO 12100‐2010: Safety of Machinery. General principles for design. Risk assessment and risk reduction.

      This standard, issued in 2010 by the ISO, has had an interesting history. It combines three previously issued ISO standards and replaces them. Note that “Risk assessment and risk reduction” are included in the title. That is significant as it separates the risk assessment process from the risk reduction process, as is the case in B11.0‐2020. That is not always the case elsewhere.

      ISO 12100‐1 was titled Safety of machinery – Basic Concepts, General Principles for Design‐Part 1. It presented general design guidelines and required that risk assessments be made of machinery going into a workplace. ISO 12100‐2 was titled Safety of machinery – Basic concepts, general principles for design – Part 2: Technical principles. Part 2 gave extensive detail on design specifications for the “Safety of machinery.” ISO 14121 was titled Safety of machinery – Principles of risk assessment. It set forth the risk assessment concepts to be applied. EN ISO 12100‐2010 combines these three standards and retains their content.

      EN ISO 12100‐2010 is truly an international standard and has had considerable influence worldwide. Its existence implies that a huge majority of countries agree on the principal that hazards should be identified and analyzed and their accompanying risks should be assessed in the design and redesign processes for machinery.

      The EN that precedes ISO in the title indicates that the origins of the standard were in the European Community. Several standards that were applicable in the European Community that had titles commencing with the EN designation became ISO standards.

The European Community standards have had considerable influence on manufacturers throughout the world. An example follows. Suppliers of products that are to go into a country that is a member of the European Community are required to place a “CE” mark on the products to indicate that all operable European Community directives have been met. Risk assessment provisions in EN ISO 12100‐2010 are among those requirements.

       STD‐882E – 2012. The U.S. Department of Defense Standard Practice for System Safety.

      The base document for the Standard Practice for System Safety, MIL‐STD‐882, was issued in 1969. It was a seminal document at that time and has continued to be an important reference.

      MIL‐STD 882 has had considerable influence on the development of hazard identification and analysis, risk assessment, risk elimination, and risk control concepts and methods. Much of the wording on risk assessments and hierarchies of control in safety standards and guidelines issued throughout the world relate to what is in the several versions of 882. That is why considerable space is devoted to the standard in this chapter.

      Four revisions of 882 have been issued over a span of 50 years. As is said in the Foreword for 882E: “This system safety standard practice identifies the DoD approach for identifying hazards and assessing and mitigating associated risks encountered in the development, test, production, use, and disposal of defense systems.” (p. ii)

      The last version of 882 was approved 11 May 2012. It is available, free, at https://www.dau.edu/cop/esoh/DAU%20Sponsored%20Documents/MIL%20STD%20882E%20Final%202012%2005%2011.pdf.