Power Flow Control Solutions for a Modern Grid Using SMART Power Flow Controllers. Kalyan K. Sen
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1-17.
The voltage (Vcomp) at the compensation bus is regulated to maintain the voltage flicker at an acceptable level. The control philosophy in this project is given by the following equations:
(1‐6)
Figure 1-17 Use of a STATCOM, combined with a Fixed Capacitor (FC) as an arc furnace compensator.
Figure 1-18 Instantaneous reactive power drawn by the furnace and supplied by the compensator (STATCOM and FC) (field performance) (Sen 2015).
where
Putil is the active power supplied by the utility
Pfurn is the active power used by the arc furnace
Pcomp is the active power exchanged by the compensator
and
(1‐7)
where
Qfurn is the reactive power used by the arc furnace
Qcomp is the reactive power exchanged by the compensator.
As shown in Figure 1-18, the compensation scheme supplies nearly all the instantaneous reactive power (q) drawn by the furnace.
This preferred solution for a utility application is to use a larger‐than‐usual‐sized DC capacitor, which provides a sink and a source of fluctuating active power for the load, thereby leveling off the active power drawn from the utility source. The instantaneous active power (p) drawn by the compensator, which is composed of a STATCOM and a FC, and the furnace and supplied by the utility are shown in Figure 1-19. The negative active power drawn by the compensator indicates that a part of the furnace power is supplied by the compensator. If the size of the DC capacitor was further increased to support a larger amount of fluctuating active power, the active power drawn from the utility could be made equivalent to a fixed resistive load.
A comparison of voltage flicker (termed as Level) without and with a compensation, provided by the STATCOM and the FC, is shown in Figure 1-20. The flicker measurements without and with a compensation show that the STATCOM was designed correctly to reduce the flicker to a desired level of below 0.25% at 75 MW of load. Therefore, it was not commercially needed to increase the size of the DC capacitor any further. Even though this is the most useful application of a VSC‐based STATCOM, it was also retired from service due to component obsolescence within a few years after commissioning and a less perfect, but adequate solution – naturally commutated, thyristor‐based SVC was installed in its place.
Figure 1-19 Instantaneous active power drawn by a compensator (STATCOM and FC) and a furnace and supplied by a utility (field performance) (Sen 2015).
Figure 1-20 Flicker measurements without and with a compensation provided by a STATCOM (field performance) (Sen 2015).
The first generation of FACTS Controllers consisted of GTO‐based VSCs. Since the commissioning of the world’s first commercial STATCON at TVA in 1995, nine GTO‐based VSCs were built. During the same time, several IGBT‐based VSCs were also built. During the past two decades, the IGBT technology has advanced by several generations. So, what about the GTO technology? Unfortunately, it is no longer manufactured. While the IGBT is the industry workhorse at the present time, the future trend is to develop wide bandgap‐type Silicon Carbide (SiC)‐ and Gallium Nitride (GaN)‐based switches due to the several attractive attributes: higher‐temperature operation, smaller turn‐on and turn‐off times that result in a lower switching loss, smaller gate‐drive circuit, smaller snubber circuit, lower cooling requirement, and so on. So how can one source spare parts for the GTO‐based FACTS Controllers? That is not an easy question to answer. Most of the installations with GTO‐based VSCs were dismantled after a short life span, which was unforeseen at the inception of FACTS development. Based on the facts about FACTS Controllers of the last three decades, component obsolescence is the primary reason for a 10–15 years of life span of power electronics‐based VSCs.
In this context, one might ask why not use the latest high‐power electronics switches to replace the aging outdated switches? The answer is simple – it is impossible. Even though there is no available switch, which can be considered as a perfect switch, meaning zero forward voltage across the switch during conduction and zero transition time from on‐to‐off and vice versa, the snubber circuit, gate‐drive circuit, and cooling requirement vary from a VSC that is made with one type of switch to another VSC that is made with a different type of switch. This fact alone forces the aging VSCs to retire when spare parts are unavailable.
Moreover, the control cabinet becomes completely outdated in a decade or so, requiring an upgrade. There is no initiative to keep any commercially used, legacy power electronics system alive after it passes its natural longevity. These facts need to be taken into account to calculate the true cost of power electronics VSC‐based FACTS Controllers. In fact, the same is true for any power electronics‐based system, including an IBR.
Figure 1-21 Single‐line diagram of a Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR).
Even with the abovementioned challenges about the power electronics VSC‐based solutions, there are applications where inverters are just the right solutions. One such application is the Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR). The purpose of a DVR, as its name suggests, is to restore the voltage of a critical load if a sag or swell occurs on any phase of the critical load, such as plants where good voltage regulation is essential to avoid a shutdown of production. DVR is a flexible voltage compensator that is needed for sensitive loads that requires a good voltage quality. IEEE 1159 defines a voltage sag as “the decrease in the rms voltage level to 10% – 90% (1–90% for EN 50160 standard) of nominal, at the power frequency for durations of ½ cycle to one (1) minute.” Note that the equivalent terminology from the IEC is “dip.”
Figure 1-21 shows a single‐line diagram of a DVR that feeds a critical load, which is located on a power distribution line