Feline Dentistry. Jan Bellows
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Handheld X‐ray generator...Figure 5.3 Sensor bite damage.Figure 5.4 Size 1 and 2 DR sensors.Figure 5.5 CR film sizes.Figure 5.6 Full mouth intraoral radiograph series.Figure 5.7 (a–q) Examples of intraoral digital software screens.Figure 5.8 (a) Foreshortened image. (b) Elongated image.Figure 5.9 (a) Parallel technique to expose the left cheek teeth in a cat. (...Figure 5.10 (a) Bisecting angle used to image the right maxillary cheek teet...Figure 5.11 (a) Sensor placed in the cat's mouth for exposure of maxillary i...Illustration 5.1 Parallel technique and bisecting angle technique. Illustrat...Figure 5.12 (a) Lateral oblique positioning of the PID and sensor for a cat'...Figure 5.13 (a) PID and sensor positioned to obtain image of the cat's right...Figure 5.14 (a) Zygomatic arch superimposed upon the left maxillary fourth p...Figure 5.15 (a) Position of PID and sensor to expose the mandibular incisors...Figure 5.16 (a) Sensor parallel to the mandibular cheek teeth with PID posit...Figure 5.17 (a) Right TMJ arrowed on a cat's skull. (b) Tube head and patien...Figure 5.18 (a) Clinical appearance of cat with a right rostrodorsal TMJ lux...Figure 5.19 (a) Radiograph of right caudoventral TMJ luxation. (b) Mandibula...Figure 5.20 Radiograph of cat's incisive bone.Figure 5.21 (a) Normal left lateral maxilla. (b) Sagittal section maxilla.Figure 5.22 Various radiograph appearances of the mental foramina: (a) Rostr...Figure 5.23 (a–d) radiograph appearances of normal mandibular symphyses.Figure 5.24 Right mandibular canal.Figure 5.25 Lamina dura and periodontal ligament space surrounding the right...Figure 5.26 Enlarged periodontal ligament space with advanced periodontal di...Figure 5.27 (a) Mandibular incisors (b) Normal level of bone support support...Figure 5.28 Stage 2 periodontal disease affecting the right mandibular fourt...Figure 5.29 Horizontal bone loss consistent with stage 3 moderate periodonta...Figure 5.30 (a) Vertical bone loss secondary to advanced (stage 4) periodont...Figure 5.31 (a) Stage 4 periodontal disease affecting the left mandibular mo...Figure 5.32 Stage 2 furcation involvement,Figure 5.33 (a) Area of inflammation affecting the left mandibular molar. (b...Figure 5.34 (a) Right and left maxillary canine chronic alveolar osteitis. (...Figure 5.35 (a) Super erupted left mandibular canine. (b) Radiograph reveali...Figure 5.36 (a) Apparent apical closure of a cat's fractured left maxillary ...Figure 5.37 (a) Left maxillary canine root canal space enlarged compared to ...Figure 5.38 Periapical (radicular) cyst associated with the right mandibular...Figure 5.39 (a) Discolored left mandibular canine crown. (b) Radiograph reve...Figure 5.40 (a) Stage 2 tooth resorption affecting the right mandibular cani...Illustration 5.2 Types of tooth resorption.Figure 5.41 (a) Left mandibular molar affected by Type 1 tooth resorption (b...Figure 5.42 (a) Loss of detail and increased bone production of the caudal o...Figure 5.43 (a) CT imaging of a cat with facial swelling.(b) Patient in ...Figure 5.44 Evaluation of a TMJ in a multi‐planar reconstruction view. (a) N...Figure 5.45 (a) Clinical image of caudal maxillary lesion. (b) CT image of l...Figure 5.46 (a–c) Patient presented with history of pain on tooth brushing. ...Figure 5.47 (a–e) Patient presented with bilateral non‐healing maxillary can...Figure 5.48 (a–d) Patient presented with increased plaque and calculus over ...Figure 5.49 (a–e) refractory stomatitis despite reported full mouth extracti...Figure 5.50 (a–d) Patient presented with barely visible tooth resorption of ...Figure 5.51 (a–c) Patient presented for anorexia and weight loss, oral exam ...Figure 5.52 The cat had fallen from a tree and presented with oral cavity bl...Figure 5.53 (a) Right facial swelling. (b) Two‐dimensional image of the embe...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 (a) Internal root resorption affecting the apical third of the ro...Figure 6.2 (a) Right and left mandibular canines radiographically displaying...Figure 6.3 Extension of TR (tooth resorption) in the furcation area affectin...Figure 6.4 Surface resorption affecting a maxillary third incisor.Figure 6.5 Replacement resorption – mandibular canine roots being replaced b...Illustration 6.1 Stage 1 Tooth resorption.Illustration 6.2 Stage 2 Tooth resorption.Figure 6.6 (a) Clinical appearance of Stage 2 external root resorption exten...Illustration 6.3 Stage 3 Tooth resorption.Figure 6.7 (a) Radiograph confirming Stage 3 tooth resorption invading a man...Figure 6.8 (a) Stage 4 tooth resorption affecting the right maxillary fourth...Illustration 6.4 Stage 4a Tooth resorption.Illustration 6.5 Stage 4b Tooth resorption.Figure 6.9 Stage 4b tooth resorption affecting the left mandibular fourth pr...Illustration 6.6 Stage 4c Tooth resorption.Figure 6.10 Stage 4c tooth resorption affecting the left maxillary canine to...Illustration 6.7 Stage 5 Tooth resorption.Illustration 6.8 Stages of tooth resorption.Figure 6.11 (a) Left mandibular third premolar gingiva appears to be raised ...Figure 6.12 (a) and (b) Radiograph revealing tooth resorption with intact pe...Figure 6.13 Clinical appearance of type 1 tooth resorption affecting the dis...Figure 6.14 Decreased opacity in the left mandibular third premolar roots ty...Illustration 6.9 Tooth resorption types – illustration.Figure 6.15 Left mandibular molar radiograph consistent with Type 3 TR.Figure 6.16 (a) Clinical appearance of inflammation typical of Type 3 tooth ...Figure 6.17 (a) Clinical appearance of tooth resorption affecting the right ...Figure 6.18 Maxillary and mandibular flap designs (dotted lines) for single ...Figure 6.19 (a) Tooth resorption affecting a cat's left mandibular canine, d...Figure 6.20 Extraction of the right mandibular third premolar: (a) Caudal ve...Figure 6.21 (a) Right maxillary third and fourth premolars affected by tooth...Figure 6.22 (a) Clinical appearance of type 2 tooth resorption of the right ...Figures 6.23 (a) Clinical appearance of type 2 tooth resorption of the left ...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Doctor and dental assistant scaling teeth.Figure 7.2 Ultrasonic dental scaling.Illustration 7.1 Scaling and root planing illustration.Figure 7.3 Abnormal 5 mm palatal periodontal pocket depth affecting the left...Figure 7.4 (a) Proper angle to insert periodontal probe into palatal defect....Figure 7.5 Bleeding on probing‐note 6 mm pocket palatal to the right maxilla...Figure 7.6 (a) Stage 2 periodontal disease affecting the distal root of the ...Figure 7.7 (a) Normal left maxillary fourth premolar gingiva (PD0). (b) Stag...Figure 7.8 Stage 2 periodontal disease affecting the right maxillary fourth ...Figure 7.9 (a) Less than 25% loss of support affecting the right maxillary c...Figure 7.10 (a) 1 mm probing depth and bleeding on probing. (b) Application ...Figure 7.11 Two walled infrabony defect affecting the mesial root of the lef...Illustration 7.2 Periodontal pocketing.Figure 7.12 (a) Gingival recession affecting a cat's left mandibular molar c...Figure 7.13 (a) Radiograph consistent with furcation involvement of the righ...Figure 7.14 Intraoral radiograph displaying approximately 35% attachment los...Figure 7.15 (a) Clinical appearance of stage 3 periodontal disease affecting...Figure 7.16 (a) Inflammation around the distal root of the left mandibular m...Figure 7.17 (a) Left maxillary canine tooth extrusion. (b) Radiograph of the...Figure 7.18 (a) and (b) Generalized inflammation of the attached gingiva in ...Figure 7.19 (a) Clinical appearance of bilateral maxillary alveolar bone exp...Figure 7.20 (a) Large swelling surrounding the root of the maxillary left ca...Figure 7.21 (a and b) Allograft material – Veterinary Transplant Services®, ...Figure 7.22 (a and b) Xenograft bone material – Veterinary Transplant Servic...Figure 7.23 (a) Maxillary canine teeth with palatal bleeding after dental sc...Figure 7.24 (a) Finger toothbrush applied to the gingival margin. (b–d) Cott...Figure 7.25 (a) Maxi/guard oral cleansing gel (with attached vitamin C). (b)...Figure 7.26 VOHC accepted PetSmile® Toothpaste.Figure 7.27 (a) OraVet® professional application on the anesthetized patient...Figure 7.28 (a) Hill's prescription Diet t/d Feline®. (b) Hill's science Die...Figure 7.29 Cat Dental Bites®Figure 7.30 (a and b) Feline Greenies®.Figure 7.31 Alveolar mucositis affecting the attached gingiva extending to t...Figure 7.32 Buccal mucositis.Figure 7.33 Caudal mucositis.Figure 7.34 (a) Complicated maxillary canine fractures, labial mucositis, le...Figure 7.35 Caudal stomatitis and glossitis.Figure 7.36 (a) Type 1 FCGS alveolar and buccal stomatitis. (b) Type 2 FCGS ...Figure 7.37 Unilateral caudal mucositis confirmed by histopathology.Figure 7.38 (a–i) Pharyngostomy tube placement: (a) Measuring red rubber tub...Figure 7.39 (a) Horizontal incision with #11 blade. (b) Exposure of the righ...Figure 7.40 (a) Inflamed area around the left mandibular first incisor. (b) ...Figure 7.41 (a) Circumferential, mesial, and distal incisions around left ma...Figure 7.42 (a) Vertical releasing incision mesially. (b) Intrasulcular inci...Figure 7.43 (a) Right maxillary fourth premolar and mandibular molar alveola...Figure 7.44 (a) Marked alveolar mucositis. (b) Scalpel blade placed into a m...Figure 7.45 (a–d) Gingivitis, periodontitis, and alveolar mucositis before s...Figure 7.46 (a) Gingival inflammation over retained mandibular root fragment...Figure 7.47 (a) Stomatitis affecting an FIV‐positive cat. (b) Minimal inflam...Figure 7.48 (a) Right maxillary alveolar mucositis and periodontal disease. ...Figure 7.49 (a) Alveolar mucositis and caudal stomatitis. (b) Laser ablation...Figure 7.50 (a) Alveolar and vestibular mucositis in a cat. (b) Laser treatm...Figure 7.51 Laser light energy applied externally