Geophysical Monitoring for Geologic Carbon Storage. Группа авторов

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a time interval, 15 June 2012 to 23 September 2014, prior to the start of injection. Monitoring sites and reference region “R” are plotted in black. Points P1–P9 experiencing fast ground deformation are plotted in red. SAR intensity image is exposed in background in regions of low coherence.

Schematic illustration of two components of displacement associated with point P2 from Figure 2.10.

      2.4.3. Illinois Basin Decatur Project, USA

      The Illinois Basin Decatur Project, started in November 2011, is a multiyear program managed by Archer Daniels Midland, the U. S. Department of Energy, the Illinois State Geological Survey, and Schlumberger Carbon Services. This is the only carbon capture and storage effort in the United States that is currently injecting large volumes of greenhouse gas emissions into a regional deep saline formation (Finley et al., 2011, 2013). The injection, from an ethanol production facility, started at a rate of 1,000 metric tons/day and is planned to increase to over 2,000 metric tons/day. The super‐critical CO2 is stored in the 550 m thick Mount Simon sandstone at a depth of 2.1 km. The overlying Eau Claire shale forms a 100 – 150 m thick seal. The Mount Simon formation was the site of a functioning natural gas storage facility and has performed well in that capability. Several different geochemical, geophysical, and remote sensing technologies are employed at the site to monitor the evolution of the injected volume of carbon dioxide. Preliminary results from microseismic and InSAR monitoring have been reported by Kaven et al. (2014) and Falorni et al. (2014), respectively.

      Another difficulty is introduced by the seasonal and atmospheric conditions, including long periods of snow cover in this part of the world. Some permanent scatterers such as steep roofs and tall towers may not accumulate much snow, but large areas will be covered, reducing the coherence and introducing significant variations to the characteristics of the scattering surface. Artificial reflectors, man‐made, stable targets designed to remain free of snow, are one remedy and are commonly used in areas prone to snowfall. In order to provide for year‐round coverage, 21 artificial reflectors, spaced 75 m apart, were constructed and emplaced in an open area close to the injection well‐pad (Fig. 2.13). All 21 reflectors were found to have strong and stable reflectivity, both for ascending and descending satellite orbits.

Image described by caption.

      (From Monitoring the Deformation Associated with the Geological Storage of CO2 by Donald W. Vasco. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316480724.007.)

Schematic illustration of average range change from the 21 artificial reflectors installed just to the northwest of the injection well site.

      (From Falorni, G., Hsiao, V., Iannaconne, J., Morgan, J., & Michaud, J.‐S. (2014). InSAR monitoring of ground deformation at the Illinois Basin Decatur Project. In Carbon Dioxide Capture for Storage in Deep Geological Formations, Volume 4, CPL Press.)

      (From Falorni, G., Hsiao, V., Iannaconne, J., Morgan, J., & Michaud, J.‐S. (2014). InSAR monitoring of ground deformation at the Illinois Basin Decatur Project. In Carbon Dioxide Capture for Storage in Deep Geological Formations, Volume 4, CPL Press.)


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