Res Publica: Русский республиканизм от Средневековья до конца XX века. Коллектив авторов
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цицеронианский consensus iuris, в то время как Concord – августинианская concordia. Leviathan, II. 17: This is more than Consent, or Concord; it is a reall Unitie of them all, in one and the same Person, made by Covenant of every man with every man, in such manner, as if every man should say to every man, «I Authorise and give up my Right of Governing my selfe, to this Man, or to this Assembly of men, on this condition, that thou give up thy Right to him, and Authorise all his Actions in like manner». This done, the Multitude so united in one Person, is called a COMMON-WEALTH, in latine CIVITAS.
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De cive, VI, Annotatio: Multitudo, quia vox collectiva est, significare intelligitur res plures, ut hominum multitudo idem sit quod multi homines. Vox eadem quia numeri est singularis, unam rem significat, nempe unam multitudinem. Ad neutro modo intelligitur multitudo habere unam voluntatem a natura datam, sed alius aliam. Neque ergo attribuenda illi est una actio, quaecunque ea sit. Itaque promittere, pacisci, jus acquirere, jus transferre, facere, habere, possidere, & similia, multitudo non potest, nisi sigillatim sive viritim, ut sint promissa, pacta, jura, actiones, tot quot sunt homines. Quapropter multitudo persona naturalis non est.
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De cive, VI, Annotatio: Caeterum eadem multitudo, si viritim paciscantur, fore ut unius alicujus hominis voluntas, vel majoris partis ipsorum voluntates consentaneae, pro voluntate omnium habeantur, tunc persona una sit: voluntate enim praedita est, ideoque actiones facere potest voluntarias, quales sunt imperare, leges condere, jus acquirere & transferre & caetera; & populus saepius quam multitudo dicitur.
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De cive, XII. 8: Populus est unum quid, unam habens voluntatem, & cui actio una attribui possit.
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De cive, XII. 8: Populus in omni civitate regnat <…> Multitudo vero cives sunt, hoc est subditi.
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De cive, XII. 8: Et in Monarchia, subditi sunt multitudo, & quamquam paradoxum sit, rex est populus.
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De cive, XII. 8: …Cives contra civitatem, hoc est, multitudo contra populum… Cfr.: Du contrat social, I. 6: Cette personne publique qui se forme ainsi par l’ union de toutes les autres prenait autrefois le nom de Cité, et prend maintenant celui de République ou de corps politique, lequel est appelé par ses membres Etat quand il est passif, souverain quand il est actif, puissance en le comparant à ses semblables. A l’ egard des associés ils prennent collectivement le nom de peuple, et s’appelent en particulier citoyens comme participant à l’ autorité souveraine, et sujets comme soumis aux lois de l’ Etat.
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Leviathan, II. 17: This is more than Consent, or Concord; it is a reall Unitie of them all, in one and the same Person, made by Covenant of every man with every man, in such manner, as if every man should say to every man, «I Authorise and give up my Right of Governing my selfe, to this Man, or to this Assembly of men, on this condition, that thou give up thy Right to him, and Authorise all his Actions in like manner». This done, the Multitude so united in one Person, is called a COMMON-WEALTH, in latine CIVITAS.
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О так называемой «теологии ковенанта» c богословской точки зрения см.: Horton M. Introducing Covenant Theology. Grand Rapids, 2009; об истории понятия Covenant и о роли теологии ковенанта в становлении англо-американской политической мысли Нового времени см.: Gould P. Covenant and Republic: Historical Romance and the Politics of Puritanism. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1996; Passerin d’ Entreves A. The Notion of the State. An Introduction to Political Theory. 2nd ed. Oxford, 1969; Skinner Q. From Humanism to Hobbes: Studies in Rhetoric and Politics. http://opac.hse.ru/absopac/index.php?url=/notices/index/324593/default (January 21, 2019); Smith A. The Cultural Foundations of Nations: Hierarchy, Covenant, and Republic. Oxford, 2008.
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Leviathan, II. 17: This is the Generation of that great LEVIATHAN, or rather (to speake more reverently) of that Mortall God, to which wee owe under the Immortall God our peace and defence.
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Leviathan, I. 14: Again one of the Contractors, may deliver the Thing contracted for on his part, and leave the other to perform his part at some determinate time after, and in the mean time be trusted; and then the Contract on his part, is called PACT, or COVENANT: Or both parts may contract now, to performe hereafter: in which cases he that is to performe in time to come, being trusted, his performance is called Keeping of Promise, or Faith…
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Leviathan, II. 17: And he that carryeth this Person, is called SOVERAIGNE, and said to have soveraigne power, and every one besides, his SUBIECT.
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Leviathan, II. 17: The attaining to this Soveraigne Power is by two wayes. One, by Naturall force; as when a man maketh his children, to submit themselves, and their children to his government, as being able to destroy them if they refuse; or by Warre subdueth his enemies to his will, giving them their lives on that condition. The other, is when men agree amongst themselves, to submit to some Man, or Assembly of men, voluntarily, on confidence to be protected by him against all others. This later, may be called a Politicall Common-wealth, or Common-wealth by Institution; and the former, a Common-wealth by Acquisition.
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См., например, книгу Артемия Магуна: Магун А. В. Единство и Одиночество. Курс политической философии Нового времени. М., 2011.
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См., например: Лукин П. В. Терминологический анализ: плюсы и минусы (По поводу монографии Юнаса Гранберга о древнерусском вече) // Средневековая Русь. Вып. 8. М., 2009. С. 217–243. Ниже мы постараемся подробнее остановиться на этой проблеме применительно к Пскову, поскольку понятие «вѣче» в псковских источниках изучено еще недостаточно.
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Полное собрание русских летописей. Т. I. Лаврентьевская летопись. М., 1997. Стб. 377 (далее – ПСРЛ).
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Hansen M. H. Demos, Ecclesia and Dicasterion in Classical Athens // Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies. Vol. 19 (1978). P. 129–130.
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Rhodes