19

1

Indian Caste, p. 12.

2

Dr. Wilson’s Indian Caste (Times Press and Messrs. Blackwood), 1875, p. 88, quoting from Rig-Veda.

3

Dr. Wilson’s Indian Caste (Times Press and Messrs. Blackwood), 1875, p. 88, quoting from Rig-Veda.

4

Rig-Veda, i. 11. Wilson, ibidem, p. 94.

5

Wilson, ibidem, p. 99.

6

Manu, ii. 17, 24.

7

Barbarians or foreigners.

8

See Burnett and Hopkins, Ordinances of Manu, s.v.

9

Wilson, Indian Caste, p. 170, quoting Weber, Indische Studien, i. 170.

10

A collection of rules for sacrifices and other rites, coming between the Vedas and the law-books, and dated by Max Müller between 600–200 B.C.

11

Wilson, Indian Caste, p. 182.

12

Wilson, p. 184, quoting from Shrauta-sūtra of Kātyayana, 1. 1. 6.

13

Manu, iv. 99; iii. 178.

14

Wilson, pp. 421, 422.

15

Wilson, p. 187, quoting from Hiranyakeshi Sūtra.

16

See article Mehtar in text.

17

Wilson, p. 363, quoting from Smriti of Angira.

18

Wilson, Indian Caste, p. 195, from Hiranyakeshi Sūtra.

19

Manu, viii. 417.

20

Wilson, p. 260, quoting Mahābhārata, viii. 1367 et seq.

21

Wilson, p. 403, quoting from Vyavahāra Mayūkha.

22

Wilson, p. 400, from Parāshara Smriti.

23

Wilson, p. 140, quoting from Atharva Veda, iv. 32. 1.

24

Wilson, p. 211.

25

Wilson, Indian Caste, referring to Ptolemy, vii. 1. 61 and vi. 120. 3.

26

Wilson, pp. 113, 114.

27

See for the impure castes para. 40 post.

28

The word “aboriginal” is used here for convenience and not as conveying any assertion as to the origin of the pre-Aryan population.

29

Bombay Gazetteer, Pārsis of Gujarāt, p. 213.

30

Rig-Veda, 6. 3. 16, quoted by Wilson, Indian Caste, p. 110.

31

Wilson, p. 109.

32

Monier-Williams, Sanskrit Dictionary, pointed out by Mr. Crooke.

33

Quoted by Wilson, p. 209. It would seem probable, however, that the Vaishyas must themselves have formed the rank and file of the fighting force, at least in the early period.

34

Manu, i. 90.

35

Wilson, Indian Caste, p. 193, quoting from Hiranyakeshi Sūtra.

36

Wilson, p. 260, quoting Mahābhārata, viii. 1367 et seq.

37

Mahābhārata, xii. 2749 et seq.

38

List of classes of Indian society given in the Purusha-Medha of the White Yajur-Veda, Wilson, pp. 126–135.

39

Manu, viii. 113.

40

Hopkin’s and Burnett’s Code of Manu, x. 64, 65, and footnotes.

41

Mahābhārata, xiii. 2510 et. seq., quoted by Wilson, p. 272.

42

Manu, ix. 149, 157.

43

Manu indeed declares that such children could not be initiated (x. 68), but it is clear that they must, as a matter of fact, have been capable of initiation or they could not possibly have been married in the father’s caste.

44

See article on Brāhman for some further details.

45

Wilson, Indian Caste, i. 440, quoting Brahma Vaivarrta Purāna.

46

See article Bhāt for further discussion of this point.

47

Dolichos uniflorus.

48

See article Jāt for a more detailed discussion of their status.

49

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Khandait.

50

Proprietors of large landed estates.

51

See article on Kunbi, para. 1.

52

Village Communities, p. 127.

53

History of the Marāthas, vol. i. p. 25.

54

Village Communities, pp. 226, 227.

55

The Aryan Household,

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