The Greatest Works of Charles Carleton Coffin. Charles Carleton Coffin
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When Richard died, John seized all hie money, jewels, and the throne, pretending that Richard had made a will in his favor. John's older brother, Geoffrey, who was heir to the throne, was dead; but Geoffrey had a son, Arthur, whose right to the throne was as good as John's. Arthur was a boy, while John was thirty-two years old. The uncle seized Arthur, and put him into a dungeon in the Tower in London, and ordered the keeper, Hubert de Burgh, to put Arthur's eyes out with a red-hot iron. Shakspeare has pictured the scene when Hubert entered one morning and showed Arthur his uncle's order:
"Arth, Must you with hot irons bum out both mine eyes? Hub. Young boy, I must. Arth. And will you? Hub. And I will. Arth. Have you the heart? When your head did but ache, I knit my handkerchief about your brows, (The best I had, a princess wrought it me). And I did never ask it you again: And with my hand at midnight held your head; And, like the watchful minutes to the hour, Still and anon cheer'd up the heavy time: Saying, What lack yon? and Where lies your grief? Or, What good love may I perform for you? Many a poor man's son would have lain still And ne'er have spoke a loving word to you; But you at your sick service had a prince. Nay, you may think my love was crafty love. And call it cunning; Do, an if you will: If Heaven be pleased that you must use me ill, Why, then you must. — Will you put out mine eyes? These eyes that never did, nor never shall, So much as frown on you? Hub. I have sworn to do it, And with hot irons must I burn them out."
But he did not. Arthur was so affectionate and kind that Hubert had not the heart to do it. It is not certainly known what became of Arthur, but that John had him murdered is most probable.
Before John seized the throne, he married a girl named Avisa, daughter of the Duke of Gloucester; but afterward he saw Isabella, wife of Count La Marche, in Normandy, and deserting Avisa, persuaded the foolish woman to leave her husband and marry him. When the count and his friends flew to arms, he seized them, took them over to England, thrust them into loathsome dungeons, and starved them to death, while he lived in affluence in the castle at Windsor.
There were rich Jews in London and Bristol, and John coveted their money. He seized them.
" Give up your money, or I will have your teeth pulled, every one of them," said he. Most of them gave up their money; but one man resisted.
"Pull a tooth," said the king. The tooth was pulled.
"Will you give up your money?"
"No."
"Pull another." Out came another tooth.
"Will you comply with the king's demands!"
"No."
"Pull 'em all out" Out they came.
"Will you hand over your money?
"No."
"Then seize it; take all." So the poor man lost his teeth, and his money also.
John commanded the country people to drive their cattle into camp, and supply his soldiers with food. The people in Wales, however, would not obey, whereupon he seized twenty-eight sons of the chief families, and shut them up in prison. That stirred the Welshmen's blood, and they flew to arms; but John, instead of giving up the young men, put them to death. He is a tyrant. The barons and lords have resolved that they will no longer submit to his tyranny. They have organized themselves into an army, calling themselves the "Army of God." A few months ago, they sent a deputation to the king, stating their demands.
"I will not grant them liberties which will make me a slave," he said, swearing terrible oaths.
There is no liberty for anybody, except for this wicked and cruel tyrant. But his answer only makes the barons more determined. They resolve that if the king will not grant what they ask, they will secure it by the sword.
John can swear terrible oaths, and make a great bluster; but he is a coward, as all blusterers are, and turns pale when he finds that the Army of God is marching to seize him. He sends word to the barons that he will meet them at Runnymede on the 15th of June, and grant what they desire. The barons have written out their demands on parchment They will have them in writing, and the agreement shall be the law of the land.
John rides down from the Castle, accompanied by a cavalcade, through Windsor forest, where the deer are feeding, and where pheasants are building their nests, and meets the barons on an island in the river. He is so frightened that he does not ask the barons to make any modification of their demands, but grants what they desire. A great piece of beeswax, as large as a saucer, and an inch thick, is stamped with John's seal, and attached to the parchment; then the king rides back to the Castle, moody and gloomy; but as soon as he gets inside the fortress, he rages like a madman, walks the hall, smiting his fists, rolling his eyes, gnashing his teeth, biting sticks and chewing straws, cursing the barons, and swearing that he will have his revenge. What is this document to which the king's seal has been attached? It is a paper establishing a Great Council, composed of the barons, the archbishops, bishops, and earls, whom the king is to summon from time to time by name, and the lesser barons, who are to be summoned by the sheriffs of the counties. Together, they are to be a Parliament. Hereafter the king shall not levy any taxes that he may please, or compel people to drive the cattle into camp; but Parliament shall say what taxes shall be levied. The barons may choose twenty-five of their number, who shall see that the provisions of the agreement are carried out Another agreement is that no freeman shall be punished till after he has had a trial by his equals. There are other stipulations, but these are the most important The agreement is called the Magna Charta, or Great Charter.
John Lackland plans his revenge. There is a powerful man in Home, the most powerful man on earth, who will aid him — Pope Innocent III. He claims to be, and the barons and everybody else regard him as God's representative on earth. He has all power. The people have been taught to believe that he is the only individual in the world who has the right to say what men shall believe and what they shall do, and that he can do no wrong; that what he says is right is right. He is superior to all kings and emperors. Just after the great battle of Hastings, which was fought in October, 1066, Pope Gregory VII. made these declarations:
"To the Pope belongs the right of making new laws.
"All the princes of the earth shall kiss his feet.
"He has the right of deposing emperors.
"The sentence of the Pope can be revoked by none.
"He can be judged by none.
"None may dare to pronounce sentence upon any one who appeals to the Pope.
"He never has erred, nor can he ever err.
"He can loose subjects from the oath of fealty.
"The Pope is, holy. He can do no wrong."
John has already humiliated himself before the Pope, and acknowledged him as his superior in everything. He sends a copy of the Charter, that the Pope may read it, begging to be released from keeping his oath.
The Pope is very angry when he reads the Charter, for be sees that it encroaches upon his authority, taking political affairs out of his hands. He swears a terrible oath that the barons shall be punished for daring to take such liberties. He releases John from his oath, and sends word to the barons that if they do not renounce the Charter he will excommunicate them. The barons are not frightened, however, and send back this reply:
"It is not the Pope's business to meddle with the political affairs or the rights and liberties of Englishmen."