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      Engineering Solutions for CO2 Conversion

       Edited by

       Tomas R. Reina José A. Odriozola Harvey Arellano‐Garcia

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       Editors

       Dr. Tomas R. Reina

      University of Surrey

      Department of Chemical & Process Engineering

      388 Stag Hill

      GU2 7XH Guildford, Surrey

      United Kingdom

       Prof. José A. Odriozola

      Universidad of Sevilla

      Inorganic Chemistry Department

      4 San Fernando Street

      41004 Sevilla

      Spain

       Prof. Harvey Arellano‐Garcia

      University of Surrey

      Department of Chemical & Process Engineering

      388 Stag Hill

      GU2 7XH Guildford, Surrey

      United Kingdom

      Cover Image: © cozyta/Getty Images

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       Library of Congress Card No.:

      applied for

       British Library Cataloguing‐in‐Publication Data

      A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

       Bibliographic information published by

       the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

      The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at <http://dnb.d-nb.de>.

      © 2021 WILEY‐VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany

      All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

      Print ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐34639‐4

      ePDF ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐34650‐9

      ePub ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐34651‐6

      oBook ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐34652‐3

       Mónica García1, Theo Chronopoulos2, and Rubén M. Montañés3

       1International Energy Agency‐ Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEAGHG), Pure Offices, Hatherley Lane, Cheltenham, GL51 6SH, United Kingdom

       2128/15 Hoxton Street, N1 6SH, London, United Kingdom

       3Energy Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Hörsalsvägen 7B, SE‐412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden

      CO2 capture (also called CO2 sequestration or carbon capture) involves a group of technologies aiming to separate CO2 from other compounds released during the production of energy or industrial products, obtaining a CO2‐rich gas that can be stored or used for the obtention of valuable products. The main classification of CO2 capture technologies relies on where in the process the CO2 separation occurs. For the power sector, it can be divided into pre‐, oxy‐, and post‐combustion. For the industrial sector, the classification is similar, although their integration would be different. In addition, other new arrangements are emerging.

      1.2.1 Status of CO2 Capture Deployment

      In the power sector, the United States is leading the implementation deployment, although Europe has the highest CO2 capture capacity. The Boundary Dam project (Canada) and Petra Nova (USA) are pioneers in reaching commercial scale. Moreover, based on the successful results of the Boundary Dam project, a CO2 capture facility has been planned for the Shand power facility (Canada), incorporating not only learnings from the Boundary Dam but also enhanced thermal integration and tailored design. The results show a significant cost reduction [2]. Also in Canada, the Quest project completes the list of Canadian CCS projects in operation [3] and The National Energy Laboratory (NET) power project recently appeared in the United States as a potential significant reduction on CO2 capture costs [4].

      In the industrial sector, cement, steel, refining, chemicals, heavy oil, hydrogen, waste‐to‐energy, fertilizers, and natural gas have been identified by the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF; https://www.cslforum.org) as the main intensive emitter industries. As it is highlighted, the Norcem Brevik plant


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