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Negligible ρ_g = MW P/ZRT ρ_g = MW P/ZRT Viscosity μ₁ = Ae^B/T Negligible Significant only for >10 bar Vapor pressure P* = ae^b/(T+c) – – –

      Note: T is temperature (K), T_c is the critical Temperature (K), T_b is the normal boiling point (K), MV is molecular weight, P is pressure, Z is compressibility, R is the gas constant, and P* is the vapor pressure.

      Source: Turton, R. et al., Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes, Prentice Hall International Series, 2001.

      Capacities of Process Units in Common Usagea.

Process unit	Capacity unit	Maximum value	Minimum value	Comment
Horizontal vessel	Pressure (bar)	400	Vacuum	L/D typically 2–5
	Temperature (°C)	400b	−200
	Height (m)	10	2
	Diameter (m)	2	0.3
	L/D	5	2
Vertical vessel	Pressure (bar)	400	400	L/D typically 2–5
	Temperature (°C)	400b	−200
	Height (m)	10	2
	Diameter (m)	2	0.3
	L/D	5	2
Towers	Pressure (bar)	400	Vacuum	Normal Limits Diameter	L/D
	Temperature (°C)	400b	−200	0.5	3.0–40c
	Height (m)	50	2	1.0	2.5–30c
	Diameter (m)	4	0.3	2.0	1.6–23c
	L/D	30	2	4.0	1.8–13c
Pumps
Reciprocating	Powerd (kW)	250	<0.1
	Pressure (bar)	1000
Rotary and positive	Powerd (kW)	150	<0.1
Displacement	Pressure (bar)	300
Centrifugal	Powerd (kW)	250	<0.1
	Pressure (bar)	300
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