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km, North Korea

       1,416 km, Kyrgyzstan 858 km, Laos 423 km, Macau 0.34 km, Mongolia

       4,673 km, Nepal 1,236 km, Pakistan 523 km, Russia (northeast) 3,605

       km, Russia (northwest) 40 km, Tajikistan 414 km, Vietnam 1,281 km

      Coastline: 14,500 km

      Maritime claims:

       continental shelf: claim to shallow areas of East China Sea and

       Yellow Sea

       territorial sea: 12 nm

      International disputes: boundary with India in dispute; disputed

       sections of the boundary with Russia remain to be settled; boundary

       with Tajikistan in dispute; short section of the boundary with North

       Korea is indefinite; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly

       Islands with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly

       Brunei; maritime boundary dispute with Vietnam in the Gulf of

       Tonkin; Paracel Islands occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam

       and Taiwan; claims Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku

       Islands/Diaoyu Tai), as does Taiwan

      Climate: extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north

      Terrain: mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in east lowest point: Turpan Pendi −154 m highest point: Mount Everest 8,848 m

      Natural resources: coal, iron ore, petroleum, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, hydropower potential (world's largest)

      Land use:

       arable land: 10%

       permanent crops: 0%

       meadows and pastures: 31%

       forest and woodland: 14%

       other: 45%

      Irrigated land: 478,220 sq km (1991)

      Environment:

       current issues: air pollution from the overwhelming use of

       high-sulfur coal as a fuel, produces acid rain which is damaging

       forests; water shortages experienced throughout the country,

       particularly in urban areas; future growth in water usage threatens

       to outpace supplies; water pollution from industrial effluents; much

       of the population does not have access to potable water; less than

       10% of sewage receives treatment; deforestation; estimated loss of

       one-fifth of agricultural land since 1957 to soil erosion and

       economic development; desertification; trade in endangered species

       natural hazards: frequent typhoons (about five per year along

       southern and eastern coasts); damaging floods; tsunamis;

       earthquakes; droughts

       international agreements: party to - Antarctic-Environmental

       Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered

       Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone

       Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands;

       signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Law of the Sea

      Geographic note: world's third-largest country (after Russia and

       Canada)

      People———

      Population: 1,210,004,956 (July 1996 est.)

      Age structure:

       0–14 years: 26% (male 167,448,148; female 151,601,650)

       15–64 years: 67% (male 421,455,418; female 393,913,510)

       65 years and over: 7% (male 35,056,409; female 40,529,821) (July

       1996 est.)

      Population growth rate: 0.98% (1996 est.)

      Birth rate: 17.01 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

      Death rate: 6.92 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

      Net migration rate: −0.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

      Sex ratio:

       at birth: 1.11 male(s)/female

       under 15 years: 1.1 male(s)/female

       15–64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female

       65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female

       all ages: 1.06 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

      Infant mortality rate: 39.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

      Life expectancy at birth: total population: 69.62 years male: 68.33 years female: 71.06 years (1996 est.)

      Total fertility rate: 1.81 children born/woman (1996 est.)

      Nationality:

       noun: Chinese (singular and plural)

       adjective: Chinese

      Ethnic divisions: Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi,

       Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities

       8.1%

      Religions: Daoism (Taoism), Buddhism, Muslim 2%-3%, Christian 1%

       (est.)

       note: officially atheist, but traditionally pragmatic and eclectic

      Languages: Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the

       Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei

       (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects,

       minority languages (see Ethnic divisions entry)

      Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)

       total population: 81.5%

       male: 89.9%

       female: 72.7%

      Government—————

      Name of country:

       conventional long form: People's Republic of China

       conventional short form: China

       local long form: Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo

       local short form: Zhong Guo

       abbreviation: PRC

      Data code: CH

      Type of government: Communist state

      Capital: Beijing

      Administrative divisions: 23 provinces (sheng, singular and

       plural), 5 autonomous regions* (zizhiqu, singular and plural), and 3

       municipalities** (shi, singular and plural); Anhui, Beijing**,

       Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei,

       Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin,

       Liaoning, Nei Mongol*, Ningxia*, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong,

       Shanghai**, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin**, Xinjiang*, Xizang* (Tibet),

       Yunnan, Zhejiang

       note: China considers Taiwan its 23rd province

      Independence: 221 BC (unification under the Qin or Ch'in Dynasty

       221 BC; Qing or Ch'ing Dynasty replaced by the Republic on 12

       February 1912; People's Republic established 1 October 1949)

      National holiday: National Day, 1 October (1949)

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