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livestock products; fish

      Illicit drugs: major transshipment point for heroin produced in

       the Golden Triangle; growing domestic drug abuse problem

      Exports: $148.8 billion (f.o.b., 1995)

       commodities: garments, textiles, footwear, toys, machinery and

       equipment (1994)

       partners: Hong Kong, Japan, US, Germany, South Korea, Singapore

       (1994)

      Imports: $132.1 billion (c.i.f., 1995) commodities: industrial machinery, textiles, plastics, telecommunications equipment, steel bars, aircraft (1994) partners: Japan, Taiwan, US, Hong Kong, South Korea, Germany (1994)

      External debt: $92 billion (1994 est.)

      Economic aid:

       donor: to less developed countries (1970–89) $NA

       recipient: ODA, $1.977 billion (1993)

      Currency: 1 yuan (Y) = 10 jiao

      Exchange rates: yuan (Y) per US$1 - 8.3186 (January 1996), 8.3514 (1995), 8.6187 (1994), 5.7620 (1993), 5.5146 (1992), 5.3234 (1991) note: beginning 1 January 1994, the People's Bank of China quotes the midpoint rate against the US dollar based on the previous day's prevailing rate in the interbank foreign exchange market

      Fiscal year: calendar year

      Transportation———————

      Railways:

       total: 58,399 km

       standard gauge: 54,799 km 1.435-m gauge (7,174 km electrified; more

       than 11,000 km double track)

       narrow gauge: 3,600 km 0.762-m gauge local industrial lines (1995)

      Highways: total: 1.029 million km paved: 170,000 km unpaved: 859,000 km (1990 est.)

      Waterways: 138,600 km; about 109,800 km navigable

      Pipelines: crude oil 9,700 km; petroleum products 1,100 km;

       natural gas 6,200 km (1990)

      Ports: Aihui, Changsha, Dalian, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Hangzhou,

       Harbin, Huangpu, Nanning, Ningbo, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai,

       Shantou, Tanggu, Xiamen, Xingang, Zhanjiang

      Merchant marine:

       total: 1,700 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,663,260

       GRT/25,026,090 DWT

       ships by type: barge carrier 2, bulk 316, cargo 876, chemical tanker

       15, combination bulk 11, container 103, liquefied gas tanker 4,

       multifunction large-load carrier 3, oil tanker 227, passenger 24,

       passenger-cargo 28, refrigerated cargo 22, roll-on/roll-off cargo

       24, short-sea passenger 45

       note: China owns an additional 267 ships (1,000 GRT or over)

       totaling 9,044,039 DWT operating under the registries of Panama,

       Hong Kong, Malta, Liberia, Vanuatu, Cyprus, Saint Vincent and the

       Grenadines, The Bahamas, Marshall Islands, and Singapore (1995 est.)

      Airports:

       total: 204

       with paved runways over 3 047 m: 17

       with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 69

       with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 89

       with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 9

       with paved runways under 914 m: 7

       with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 7

       with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 3

       with unpaved runways under 914 m: 3 (1994 est.)

      Communications———————

      Telephones: 20 million (1994 est.)

      Telephone system: domestic and international services are

       increasingly available for private use; unevenly distributed

       domestic system serves principal cities, industrial centers, and

       most townships

       domestic: telephone lines are being expanded; interprovincial

       fiber-optic trunk lines and cellular telephone systems have been

       installed; a domestic satellite system with 55 earth stations is in

       place

       international: satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (4 Pacific

       Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean Region) and

       1 Inmarsat (Pacific and Indian Ocean Regions); several international

       fiber-optic links to Japan, South Korea, and Hong Kong

      Radio broadcast stations: AM 274, FM NA, shortwave 0

      Radios: 216.5 million (1992 est.)

      Television broadcast stations: 202 (repeaters 2,050)

      Televisions: 75 million

      Defense———

      Branches: People's Liberation Army (PLA), which includes the Ground Forces, Navy (includes Marines and Naval Aviation), Air Force, Second Artillery Corps (the strategic missile force), People's Armed Police (internal security troops, nominally subordinate to Ministry of Public Security, but included by the Chinese as part of the "armed forces" and considered to be an adjunct to the PLA in wartime)

      Manpower availability:

       males age 15–49: 352,506,948

       males fit for military service: 194,589,216

       males reach military age (18) annually: 9,763,916 (1996 est.)

      Defense expenditures: the officially announced but suspect figure

       is 70.2 billion yuan, NA% of GDP (1995 est.); note - conversion of

       the defense budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate

       could produce misleading results

      ======================================================================

      @Christmas Island————————

      (territory of Australia)

      Map—

      Location: 10 30 S, 105 40 E—Southeastern Asia, island in the

       Indian Ocean, south of Indonesia

      Flag——

      Description: the flag of Australia is used

      Geography————

      Location: Southeastern Asia, island in the Indian Ocean, south of

       Indonesia

      Geographic coordinates: 10 30 S, 105 40 E

      Map references: Southeast Asia

      Area:

       total area: 135 sq km

       land area: 135 sq km

       comparative area: about 0.7 times the size of Washington, DC

      Land boundaries: 0 km

      Coastline: 138.9 km

      Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 12 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nm

      International disputes: none

      Climate: tropical; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds

      Terrain: steep cliffs along coast rise abruptly to central plateau lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Murray Hill 361 m

      Natural resources: phosphate

      Land

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