Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging With MATLAB Algorithms. Caner Ozdemir
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simulation scenario fo...Figure 4.18 2D ISAR images of the fighter model for (a) VV‐polarization, and...Figure 4.19 (a) CAD view of a military tank model, and (b) ISAR simulation s...Figure 4.20 2D ISAR images of the military tank model for (a) VV‐polarizatio...Figure 4.21 The locations of point scatterers around a fictitious airplane....Figure 4.22 Small‐bandwidth small‐angle ISAR image of the hypothetical airpl...Figure 4.23 Aliased ISAR image after applying a 2D IFT to a wide‐bandwidth l...Figure 4.24 Wide‐bandwidth large‐angle ISAR image of the airplane‐like geome...Figure 4.25 Rectangular reformatting of polar ISAR data.Figure 4.26 The backscattered field data in frequency‐aspect domain.Figure 4.27 The backscattered field data on spatial frequency plane of kx–kyFigure 4.28 Wide‐bandwidth large‐angle ISAR image of the airplane‐like geome...Figure 4.29 Collection of raw ISAR data in Fourier space (3D monostatic case...Figure 4.30 Geometry for monostatic ISAR imaging (3D case).Figure 4.31 (a) CAD view of a bomber airplane, (b) 3D ISAR simulation scenar...Figure 4.32 2D ISAR(x, y) slices for different z values of the 3D ISAR image...Figure 4.33 2D projections of the 3D ISAR image of the airplane model on (a)...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Digitizing process: (a) original continuous time signal, (b) obse...Figure 5.2 Demonstration of positive and negative frequencies in DFT: first ...Figure 5.3 (a) The image window is periodic in range and cross‐range axes, (...Figure 5.4 An example of aliased ISAR image.Figure 5.5 Interpolation can be employed in different ways to reformat the p...Figure 5.6 First‐order nearest‐neighbor interpolation (3D case): eight neare...Figure 5.7 Second‐order nearest‐neighbor interpolation (2D case): 16 nearest...Figure 5.8 Implementation of bilinear interpolation (2D case).Figure 5.9 Illustration of interpolation with zero padding: (a) a rectangula...Figure 5.10 Interpolation using zero padding: (a) original ISAR images, (b) ...Figure 5.11 The physical meaning of PSF: (a) point scatterers, (b) the PSF, ...Figure 5.12 (a) Rectangular window, (b) spectrum of rectangular window.Figure 5.13 (a) Triangular window, (b) spectrum of triangular window.Figure 5.14 (a) Hanning window, (b) spectrum of Hanning window.Figure 5.15 (a) Hamming window, (b) spectrum of Hamming window.Figure 5.16 (a) Kaiser window, (b) spectrum of Kaiser window.Figure 5.17 (a) Blackman window, (b) spectrum of Blackman window.Figure 5.18 (a) Chebyshev window, (b) spectrum of Chebyshev window.Figure 5.19 Effect of using smoothing windows: (a) original ISAR images, (b)...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 For the ISAR operation, the aspect diversity is constituted targe...Figure 6.2 Resulting 2D ISAR images for (a) pitching, (b) yawing (turning), ...Figure 6.3 The formation of the ISAR grid for a maneuvering platform.Figure 6.4 The chirp pulse train is utilized in range‐Doppler processing of ...Figure 6.5 Representation of stepped frequency transmitted signal of M burst...Figure 6.6 Target's rotational motion causes Doppler shift in the frequency ...Figure 6.7 Geometry for Doppler processing of a rotating target.Figure 6.8 ISAR receiver block diagram for chirp pulse illumination.Figure 6.9 ISAR receiver block diagram for stepped frequency radar illuminat...Figure 6.10 Block diagram for quadrature detection.Figure 6.11 Formation of the range‐Doppler ISAR image via digital processing...Figure 6.12 Selection of image frame size and resolutions in ISAR imaging.Figure 6.13 The scenario for range‐Doppler ISAR imaging.Figure 6.14 Fictitious fighter consists of perfect point scatterers of equal...Figure 6.15 Transmitted chirp pulse waveform.Figure 6.16 Matched filter response of the chirp pulse.Figure 6.17 Range compressed data with additive random noise are present.Figure 6.18 Range‐Doppler ISAR image of the target with additive random nois...Figure 6.19 Range cross‐range ISAR image of the target with additive random ...Figure 6.20 A geometry for ISAR imaging scenario.Figure 6.21 Target with perfect point scatterers.Figure 6.22 Range profiles of the target for different burst indexes.Figure 6.23 Range‐Doppler ISAR image of the target.
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Point‐radiator model of the scattered field. (a) the real scenari...Figure 7.2 The biplane model in ISAR simulation. (a) front, side and top vie...Figure 7.3 Original ISAR image of the biplane target displayed with CAD mode...Figure 7.4 (a) Locations of extracted scattering centers in range – cross‐ra...Figure 7.5 Reconstructed ISAR image of the biplane target based on CLEAN alg...Figure 7.6 (a) Original backscattered electric‐ field for the ISAR example i...Figure 7.7 Reconstructed backscattered field patterns sampled 5 times more c...Figure 7.8 Comparison of the original pattern obtained by brute‐force comput...Figure 7.9 Comparison of the original pattern obtained by brute‐force comput...Figure 7.10 (a) Amplitudes of the extracted scattering centers based on Four...Figure 7.11 2D backscattered electric field data: (a) Original, (b) Reconstr...Figure 7.12 Reconstructed field pattern (5 times more sampled) gives more de...Figure 7.13 Comparison of the original pattern obtained by brute‐force compu...Figure 7.14 2D ISAR image: (a) Original, (b) Reconstructed after utilizing 2...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Geometry for a moving target with respect to radar.Figure 8.2 A fighter target composed of perfect point scatterers.Figure 8.3 Traditional ISAR image of the fighter target (no compensation).Figure 8.4 Range profile shifts and their smoothened versions versus range p...Figure 8.5 (a) Range differences with respect range profile index, and (b) r...Figure 8.6 Motion‐compensated ISAR image of the fighter target.Figure 8.7 A hypothetical target composed of perfect point scatterers.Figure 8.8 Conventional ISAR image of the airplane target (no compensation)....Figure 8.9 Spectrogram of range cells (before compensation).Figure 8.10 Entropy plot for translational radial velocity translational rad...Figure 8.11 ISAR image of the airplane after applying minimum entropy compen...Figure 8.12 Spectrogram of range cells (after compensation).Figure 8.13 Schematic representation of JTF‐based ISAR imaging system.Figure 8.14 (a) A target (consists of perfect point scatterers) moving with ...Figure 8.15 2D range‐cross range ISAR images for different time snapshots (i...Figure 8.16 Conventional ISAR image of the airplane target with translationa...Figure 8.17 Spectrogram of range cells (no compensation).Figure 8.18 2D Matching pursuit search space for the translational velocity ...Figure 8.19 ISAR image of the airplane target after translational motion com...Figure 8.20 Spectrogram of time pulses (after translational compensation).Figure 8.21 ISAR image of the airplane target after translational and rotati...Figure 8.22 Spectrogram of time pulses (after translational and rotational m...
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 (a) Monostatic ISAR versus, (b) Bi‐ISAR imaging configuration.Figure 9.2 (a) Monostatic radar can only sense backscattered wave, (b) bista...Figure 9.3 Geometry for bistatic ISAR imaging.Figure 9.4 Flowchart for the Bi‐ISAR imaging algorithm.Figure 9.5 (a) Bi-ISAR imaging geometry for an airplane model, (b) construct...Figure 9.6 Fighter aircraft model for the Bi-ISAR imaging example #2.Figure 9.7 Bi‐ISAR image of the aircraft model for bistatic angle of (a) 20°...Figure 9.8 Various geometries for Mu‐ISAR imaging configurations: (a) single...Figure 9.9 Multi‐static ISAR scenario with single transmitter and three rece...Figure 9.10 Fighter craft modeled with perfect point scatterers.Figure 9.11 Bi‐ISAR images of aircraft model obtained at (a) Rx #1, (b) Rx #...
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Polarization ellipse of an EM wave.Figure 10.2 The basic system architecture for a LP polarized radar transceiv...Figure 10.3 Scattering characteristics of EM wave from (a) an urban area, an...Figure 10.4 Pauli RBG color palette with scattering explanations. (For whole...Figure 10.5 SLICY target in ISAR simulation for the look‐aspect direction of...Figure 10.6 LP‐ISAR images of the “SLICY” target for the radar look directio...Figure 10.7 Illustration of various scattering mechanisms from the “SLICY” t...Figure 10.8 CP‐ISAR images of the “SLICY” target for the radar look directio...Figure 10.9 Pauli image of SLICY for the radar look direction of (θi = ...Figure 10.10 Military Tank model: side, front, and top views with dimensions...Figure 10.11 Military Tank target in ISAR simulation for the look‐aspect dir...Figure 10.12 LP‐ISAR images of the “Military Tank” target for the radar look...Figure 10.13 CP‐ISAR images of the “Military Tank” target for the radar look...Figure 10.14 Pauli images of the “Military Tank” target for the radar look d...Figure 10.15 Various scattering mechanism from different parts of Military T...
11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Geometry for determination of far‐ and near‐field regions of a r...Figure 11.2 Geometry for 3D near‐field ISAR imaging.Figure 11.3 Geometrical explanation of Fourier slice theorem.Figure 11.4 Geometry for 2D near‐field ISAR imaging.Figure 11.5 A set of point targets used in near‐field ISAR simulation.Figure 11.6 Numerically collected backscattered electric field in (a) f–ϕ...Figure 11.7 ISAR images for the point targets in Figure 11.5 by applying