IN THE BEGINNING. Welby Thomas Cox, Jr.
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Russell's theory originated 25 years ago, and, in that time, JPL space missions have found strong evidence for liquid water oceans and rocky sea floors on Europa and Enceladus," said Barge. "We have learned much about the history of water on Mars, and soon we may find Earth-like planets around faraway stars. By testing this origin-of-life hypothesis in the lab at JPL, we may explain how life might have arisen on these other places in our solar system or beyond, and also get an idea of how to look for it."
For now, the ultimate question of whether the alkaline hydrothermal vents are the hatcheries of life remains unanswered. Russell says the necessary experiments are jaw-droppingly difficult to design and carry out, but decades later, these are problems he and his team are still happy to tackle.
The California Institute of Technology in Pasadena manages JPL for NASA.
Chapter 6
THE NUMBER 42
Douglas Adams said it was the answer to the meaning of life, the universe, and everything. He meant it as a joke, but a new book shows how the number 42 has played a significant role
When Douglas Adams wrote The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, he added a central joke which has become more famous over the years than the novel itself: "The answer to the ultimate question of life, the universe and everything is 42." Geeks have since wasted years and massive effort trying to ascribe some deep, symbolic significance to the number and its occurrences.
Now, in an attempt to cash in on their obsession, a new book published this week, 42: Douglas Adams' Amazingly Accurate Answer to Life, the Universe and Everything, looks at real-life occurrences of the number 42. The book is timed to coincide with the 10th anniversary of Adams's death this spring.
Scores of adolescents have posited theories about significance of the number. The actor Stephen Fry claimed to know the true answer, but won't tell, saying he'll take it to his grave. The author himself rather undermined the myriad analyses when he dismissed them all with the simple answer that the choice of the number was a joke.
"The answer to this is very simple," Adams said. "It was a joke. It had to be a number, an ordinary, smallish number, and I chose that one. Binary representations, base 13, Tibetan monks are all complete nonsense. I sat on my desk, stared into the garden and thought 42 will do. I typed it out. End of story."
Throughout history, various numbers have had special meanings ascribed to them. Plato called the study of number symbolism "the highest level of knowledge" while Pythagoras believed numbers had souls as well as magical powers.
Meanwhile, millions of Hitchhiker's fans to this day persist in trying to decipher what they imagine was Adams' secret motivations. Here are 42 things to fuel their fascination with the number 42.
1 Queen Victoria's husband Prince Albert died aged 42; they had 42 grandchildren and their great-grandson, Edward VIII, abdicated at the age of 42.
2 The world's first book printed with movable type is the Gutenberg Bible which has 42 lines per page.
3 On page 42 of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Harry discovers he's a wizard.
4 The first time Douglas Adams essayed the number 42 was in a sketch called "The Hole in the Wall Club". In it, comedian Griff Rhys Jones mentions the 42nd meeting of the Crawley and District Paranoid Society.
5 Lord Lucan's last known location was outside 42 Norman Road, Newhaven, East Sussex.
6 The Doctor Who episode entitled "42" lasts for 42 minutes.
7 Titanic was travelling at a speed equivalent to 42km/hour when it collided with an iceberg.
8 The marine battalion 42 Commando insists that it be known as "Four two, Sir!"
9 In east Asia, including parts of China, tall buildings often avoid having a 42nd floor because of tetraphobia – fear of the number four because the words "four" and "death" sound the same (si or sei). Likewise, four 14, 24,
10 Elvis Presley died at the age of 42.
11 BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs was created in 1942. There are 42 guests per year.
12 Toy Story character Buzz Lightyear's spaceship is named 42.
13 Fox Mulder's apartment in the US TV series The X Files was number 42.
14 The youngest president of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt, was 42 when he was elected.
15 The office of Google's chief executive Eric Schmidt is called Building 42 of the firm's San Francisco complex.
16 The Bell-X1 rocket plane Glamorous Glennis piloted by Chuck Yeager, first broke the sound barrier at 42,000 feet.
17 The atomic bomb that devastated Nagasaki, Japan, contained the destructive power of 42 million sticks of dynamite.
18 A single Big Mac contains 42 per cent of the recommended daily intake of salt.
19 Cricket has 42 laws.
20 On page 42 of Bram Stoker's Dracula, Jonathan Harker discovers he is a prisoner of the vampire. And on the same page of Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein reveals he is able to create life.
21 In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Friar Laurence gives Juliet a potion that allows for her to be in a death-like coma for "two and forty hours".
22 The three best-selling music albums – Michael Jackson's Thriller, AC/DC's Back in Black and Pink Floyd's The Dark Side of the Moon – last 42 minutes.
23 The result of the most famous game in English football – the world cup final of 1966 – was 4-2.
24 The type 42 vacuum tube was one of the most popular audio output amplifiers of the 1930s.
25 A marathon course is 42km and 195m.
26 Samuel Johnson compiled the Dictionary of the English Language, regarded as one of the greatest works of scholarship. In a nine-year period, he defined a total of 42,777 words.
27 42,000 balls were used at Wimbledon last year.
28 The wonder horse Nijinsky was 42 months old in 1970 when he became the last horse to win the English Triple Crown: The Derby; the 2000 Guineas and the St Leger.
29 The element molybdenum has the atomic number 42 and is also the 42nd most common element in the universe.
30 Dodi Fayed was 42 when he was killed alongside Princess Diana.
31 Cell 42 on Alcatraz Island was once home to Robert Stroud who was transferred to The Rock in 1942. After murdering a guard, he spent 42 years in solitary confinement in different prisons.
32 In the Book of Revelation, it is prophesied that the beast will hold dominion over the earth for 42 months.
33 The Moorgate Tube disaster of 1975 killed 42 passengers.
34 When the growing numbers of Large Hadron Collider scientists acquired more office space recently, they named their new complex Building 42.
35 Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland has 42 illustrations.
36 42 is the favorite number of Dr House, the American television doctor played by Hugh Laurie.
37 There are 42 US gallons in a barrel of oil.
38 In an episode of The Simpsons, police chief Wiggum wakes up to a question aimed at him and replies "42".
39 Best Western is the world's largest hotel chain with more than 4,200 hotels in 80 countries.
40 There are 42 principles of Ma'at, the ancient Egyptian goddess – and concept – of physical and moral law, order and truth.
41 Mungo Jerry's 1970 hit "In the Summertime", written by Ray Dorset, has a tempo of 42 beats per minute.
42 The band Level 42 chose their name in recognition of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy and not – as is often repeated – after the world's tallest car park.
Chapter 7
Pseudo-science