The Radical Right During Crisis. Группа авторов
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8 Русский Дискуссионный Клуб, Мстислав Русаков, Facebook, February 28, 2020, https://www.facebook.com/groups/1434087526804344/permalink/2544738099072609/?comment_id=2544873805725705.
9 Wikipedia, “Valery Tishkov”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valery_Tishkov.
10 Valery Engel, “Russia Needs a New National Idea”, Fair Observer, November 5, 2019, https://www.fairobserver.com/region/europe/putin-russia-national-idea-democracy-news-16251/
11 Валерий Тишков, Facebook, February 18, 2020, https://www.facebook.com/ValeryTishkovRAN/posts/2696774080441929?comment_id=2696779307108073.
12 Валерий Тишков, Facebook, February 18, 2020.
13 Sergey Markedonov, Facebook, February 11, 2020.
14 Wikipedia, “Decembrist revolt”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decembrist_revolt.
15 “Конституция и русский вопрос,” Интеллектуальная среда, February 24, 2020.
16 Sergey Markedonov, Facebook, February 11, 2020.
17 H. B. Еремина and C. Середенко, “Конституционный национализм в современной Европе: новый уровень угроз,” Социодинамика 3 (2014): 1–42, https://nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=11170.
18 Tylor Cowen, “Europe's Muslims Are More Integrated Than You Think,” Bloomberg, September 7, 2017, https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2017-09-07/europe-s-muslims-are-more-integrated-than-you-think
19 Valery Engel, “Can Multiculturalism Triumph in Europe?”, Fair Observer, March 11, 2019, https://www.fairobserver.com/region/europe/democracy-radicalism-integration-europe-news-14412/
20 Указ Президента РФ от 19.12.2012 N 1666 (ред. от 06.12.2018) “О Стратегии государственной национальной политики Российской Федерации на период до 2025 года,” https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=LAW&n=312941&fld=134&dst=100017,0&rnd=0.8950725120114815#05636092251999416
21 Engel, “Can Multiculturalism Triumph in Europe?”.
22 Markedonov, Facebook.
23 “С кем станцует Путин, чтобы заманить россиян на очередные перевыборы себя,” Свободная пресса, February 18, 2020, https://19rus.info/index.php/vlast-i-politika/item/120604-s-kem-stantsuet-putin-chtoby-zamanit-rossiyan-na-ocherednye-perevybory-sebya.
24 Федор Крашенинников, “Зачем Путину голосование по поправкам в Конституцию,” Ведомости, January 29, 2020, https://www.vedomosti.ru/opinion/columns/2020/01/29/821687-zachem-putinu.
25 Валерий Энгель, “Консерватизм-Патриотизм-Державность или что объединяет россиян. 20 лет программному тезису о российской нации,” Гражданская нация, https://www.ru.civic-nation.org/publikatsii/20-let-programmnomu-tezisu-o-rossiyskoy-natsii/.
Eco-fascism “Proper”: The Curious Case of Greenline Front
Bernhard Forchtner and Balša Lubarda
Eco-fascism, mostly associated with the “green wing” in historical National Socialism1 and neo-Malthusian authoritarians of the 1960s/70s, is an iridescent concept that signifies the preoccupation of extreme right actors with environmentalist concerns. As such, it is also a highly loaded term, used both academically and as a slur. The term has recently attracted particular attention due to manifestos linked to radical right terrorist attacks in Christchurch and El Paso.2 Indeed, the Christchurch shooter appears to identify himself as an ‘Ethno-nationalist Eco-fascist’, calling for ‘Ethnic autonomy for all peoples with a focus on the preservation of nature, and the natural order’.
However, eco-fascism is in fact a fringe phenomenon which has had a lasting political impact neither on mainstream politics nor on the politics of the radical right. Given this, it seems that eco-fascism should not dominate our understanding of the wider radical right’s relationship with nature.3 Indeed, this relationship is multifaceted due to the array of radical right actors who engage in it: from anti-liberal actors to outright anti-democratic ones.4 While the former might simply celebrate “the beauty” of national landscapes and the symbolic tie between land and people, as well as the land’s economic significance for “the people”, eco-fascists undoubtedly belong to the latter. Accordingly, they also claim that race and racial survival are intrinsically linked to this Volk’s natural environment and its despoliation. Specific arguments resulting from such a stance include, for example, warnings against overpopulation and opposition to immigration from poorer countries with (on average) lower environmental footprints. Illustratively, the Christchurch terrorist’s manifesto claims: ‘Europeans are one of the groups that are not overpopulating the world. The invaders are the ones over-populating the world. Kill the invaders, kill the overpopulation and by doing so save the environment’.
It is against this background that eco-fascism still warrants attention. This means that by studying eco-fascists it is possible to understand particularities associated with radical right articulations of the natural environment. In order to grasp this contemporary, 21st century eco-fascism, this brief article looks at one of the most notorious eco-fascist actors, the recently defunct Greenline Front (GLF).
Eco-fascist ideas and practices