Positive Psychology. Группа авторов
Читать онлайн книгу.
world: A fundamental delusion. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
63 Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social science ( D. Cartwright, Ed.). New York, NY: Harper.
64 Lishner, D. A., Batson, C. D., & Huss, E. (2011). Tenderness and sympathy: Distinct empathic emotions elicited by different forms of need. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 614–625.
65 Lishner, D. A., Oceja, L. V., Stocks, E. L., & Zaspel, K. (2008). The effect of infant‐like characteristics on empathic concern for adults in need. Motivation and Emotion, 32, 270–277.
66 López‐Pérez, B., Ambrona, T., Gregory, J., Stocks, E., & Oceja, L. (2013). Feeling at hospitals: Perspective‐taking, empathy, and personal distress among professional nurses and nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 33, 334–338.
67 Luks, A. (with Payne, P.). (1991). The healing power of doing good: The health and spiritual benefits of helping others. New York, NY: Fawcett Columbine.
68 MacLean, P. D. (1967). The brain in relation to empathy and medical education. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 144, 374–382.
69 MacLean, P. D. (1990). The triune brain in evolution: Role in paleocerebral functions. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
70 Maslach, C. (1982). Burnout: The cost of caring. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice‐Hall.
71 Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and Personality. New York, NY: Harper.
72 McDougall, W. (1908). An introduction to social psychology. London, UK: Methuen.
73 Nadler, A., Fisher, J. D., & DePaulo, B. M. (Eds.). (1983). New directions in helping: Vol. 3. Applied perspectives on help‐seeking and ‐receiving. New York, NY: Academic Press.
74 Oceja, L. V., Heerdink, M. W., Stocks, E. L., Ambrona, T., López‐Pérez, B., & Salgado, S. (2014). Empathy, awareness of others, and action: How feeling empathy for one‐among‐others motivates helping the others. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 36, 111–124.
75 Oman, D. (2007). Does volunteering foster physical health and longevity? In S. G. Post (Ed.), Altruism and health: Perspectives from empirical research (pp. 15–32). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
76 Omoto, A. M., & Snyder, M. (1995). Sustained helping without obligation: Motivation, longevity of service, and perceived attitude change among AIDS volunteers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 671–686.
77 Paluck, E. L. (2009). Reducing intergroup prejudice and conflict using the media: A field experiment in Rwanda. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 574–587.
78 Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 65–85.
79 Preston, S. D. (2013). The origins of altruism in offspring care. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 1305–1341.
80 Prinz, J. (2011). Against empathy. The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 49, 214–233.
81 Rouhana, N. N., & Kelman, H. C. (1994). Promoting joint thinking in international conflicts: An Israeli–Palestinian continuing workshop. Journal of Social Issues, 50, 157–178.
82 Rumble, A. C., Van Lange, P. A. M., & Parks, C. D. (2010). The benefits of empathy: When empathy may sustain cooperation in social dilemmas. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 856–866.
83 Ryan, W. (1971). Blaming the victim. New York, NY: Random House.
84 Scherer, K. R. (1984). On the nature and function of emotion: A component process approach. In K. R. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.), Approaches to emotion (pp. 293–317). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
85 Schultz, P. W. (2000). Empathizing with nature: The effects of perspective taking on concern for environmental issues. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 391–406.
86 Sen, A. K. (1977). Rational fools. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 6, 317–344.
87 Shaw, L. L., Batson, C. D., & Todd, R. M. (1994). Empathy avoidance: Forestalling feeling for another in order to escape the motivational consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 879–887.
88 Shelton, M. L., & Rogers, R. W. (1981). Fear‐arousing and empathy‐arousing appeals to help: The pathos of persuasion. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 11, 366–378.
89 Sibicky, M. E., Schroeder, D. A., & Dovidio, J. F. (1995). Empathy and helping: Considering the consequences of intervention. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 16, 435–453.
90 Smith, K. D., Keating, J. P., & Stotland, E. (1989). Altruism reconsidered: The effect of denying feedback on a victim’s status to empathic witnesses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 641–650.
91 Sober, E. (1991). The logic of the empathy‐altruism hypothesis. Psychological Inquiry, 2, 144–147.
92 Sober, E., & Wilson, D. S. (1998). Unto others: The evolution and psychology of unselfish behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
93 Stephan, W. G., & Finlay, K. (1999). The role of empathy in improving intergroup relations. Journal of Social Issues, 55, 729–743.
94 Stotland, E. (1969). Exploratory investigations of empathy. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 271–313). New York, NY: Academic Press.
95 Stotland, E., Mathews, K. E., Sherman, S. E., Hansson, R. O., & Richardson, B. Z. (1978). Empathy, fantasy, and helping. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
96 Stowe, H. B. (2005). Uncle Tom’s cabin. Mineola, NY: Dover. (Original work published 1852)
97 Taylor, M. (1976). Anarchy and cooperation. London, UK: Wiley.
98 Taylor, S. E. (2002). The tending instinct: How nurturing is essential to who we are and how we live. New York, NY: Time Books.
99 Toi, M., & Batson, C. D. (1982). More evidence that empathy is a source of altruistic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 281–292.
100 Trivers, R. L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35–57.
101 Vescio, T. K., Sechrist, G. B., & Paolucci, M. P. (2003). Perspective taking and prejudice reduction: The mediational role of empathy arousal and situational attributions. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 455–472.
102 Vitaglione, G. D., & Barnett, M. A. (2003). Assessing a new dimension of empathy: Empathic anger as a predictor of helping and punishing desires. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 301–325.
103 Von Neumann, J., & Morgenstern, O. (1944). Theory of games and economic behavior. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
104 Wispé, L. (1986). The distinction between sympathy and empathy: To call forth a concept, a word is needed. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 314–321.
105 Zahn‐Waxler, C., & Radke‐Yarrow, M. (1990). The origins of empathic concern. Motivation and Emotion, 14, 107–130.
3 Positive Creativity
Robert J. Sternberg
Creativity is usually defined in terms of the production of an idea or product that has two properties. First, it is novel; second, it is effective or useful for some purpose (Csikszentmihalyi, 1988, 2013; Kaufman & Sternberg, 2010). Positive creativity is the production of ideas that are not only novel and useful but also beneficial to humanity (see also Clark & James, 1999; James, Clark, & Cropanzano, 1999; James & Taylor, 2010; Sternberg, in press, for further discussion of positive creativity as well as negative creativity). Positive creativity is a natural object of study for positive psychology, which is conceived of studying human strengths and modes of flourishing (Lopez, Pedrotti, & Snyder, 2018).
Creativity, whether positive or otherwise, probably is not just a single entity, any more than intelligence is (Sternberg, 1985b, 1986; Sternberg & Smith, 1985). A variety of