Why do buildings collapse in earthquakes? Building for safety in seismic areas. Robin Spence

Читать онлайн книгу.

Why do buildings collapse in earthquakes? Building for safety in seismic areas - Robin Spence


Скачать книгу
(Italy) earthquake of 1980. Similar organisations exist in several other countries (Spence 2014). The cumulative findings of the missions have been very influential in formulating research programmes which have studied aspects of the physical damage, response and recovery from multiple events. And these research programmes in turn have led to steady improvements of national and international codes of practice for building, as well as assisting in understanding the vulnerability of different types of affected facilities and in developing ways to enhance earthquake safety internationally (EERI 1986; Spence 2014).

      Both authors have been involved with several EEFIT post‐earthquake reconnaissance missions. Our direct knowledge of the types of buildings affected in earthquakes, and our understanding of their behaviour, is largely derived from these earthquake missions, as well as from some more detailed field investigations and household surveys carried out independently. The following sections give brief accounts of 10 of the most significant earthquakes of the last 20 years, partly based on our own observations, but also making use of the field reports of our colleagues in the EERI and EEFIT teams and other reports. As we are concerned in this book primarily with buildings, these brief accounts emphasise in particular the range of building types which were affected and the levels and types of damage caused, topics which we will return to look at in more detail later in the book. They also touch, where appropriate, on the methods of damage investigation used.

      The chapter concludes with some general observations about earthquake damage, an assessment of global damage trends and the distribution of damage between different regions and country groups. In this way, we aim to approach an assessment of the question: how well are we, as an international community, doing in trying to limit the effects of earthquakes for this and future generations?

      2.2.1 The 26.1.2001 Bhuj Earthquake: Mw7.7, 13 481 Deaths

      Sources: CRED (2020); Pomonis, A., 2020. Personal communication.


Скачать книгу
Date Country World Bank Income Group Event Magnitude (Mw) Total deaths Total damage (US$bn) Insured losses (US$bn) Percent insured
26/12/2004 Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, India UM, LM Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami 9.1 225 841 7.8 0.48 6.2
12/01/2010 Haiti L Haiti 7.0 222 570 8 0.2 2.5
12/05/2008 China UM Wenchuan 7.9 87 476 85 0.37 0.4
08/10/2005 Pakistan LM Kashmir 7.6 73 338 5.2 0 0
26/12/2003 Iran UM Bam 6.6 26 796 0.5 0 0
26/01/2001 India LM Bhuj 7.7 13 481 2.6 0.1 3.8
11/03/2011 Japan H 9.1 >18000 210 37.5 18
25/04/2015 Nepal L Gorkha 7.8 8 831 7.1 0.1 1.4
26/05/2006 Indonesia UM Yogyakarta 6.3 5 778 3.1 0.04 1.3
28/09/2018 Indonesia UM Sulawesi a 7.5 4 340 1.5 0 0