his edition first published 2021

      © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

      All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/ permissions.

      The right of Robin Spence and Emily So to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

      Registered Offices John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

      Editorial Office 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK

      For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

      Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.

      Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of experimental reagents, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each chemical, piece of equipment, reagent, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness fora particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and author endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

       Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication data

      Names: Spence, R. J. S. (Robin J. S.), author. | So, Emily, (K. M.), author.

      Title: Why do buildings collapse in earthquakes? : building for safety in seismic areas / Robin Spence and Emily So.

      Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley‐Blackwell, 2021.

      Identifiers: LCCN 2020053851 (print) | LCCN 2020053852 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119619420 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119619451 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119619468 (epub)

      Subjects: LCSH: Buildings–Earthquake effects. | Earthquake resistant design.

      Classification: LCC TH1095 .S65 2021 (print) | LCC TH1095 (ebook) | DDC 693.8/52–dc23

      LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020053851 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020053852

      Cover Design: Wiley

      Cover Image: © Professor Mauricio Beltran