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18.9630 0.0176 Rank 4 5 3 2 1 F7 Best FF -179.9926 4.2916×10³ -179.9926 -179.9926 -180.0000 Worst FF -179.9803 8.2175×10³ -179.9459 -179.8050 -179.9901 Mean -179.9764 5.8506×10³ -179.9754 -179.9596 -179.9943 Std. Dev 1.8121×10^-2 1.2183×10³ 1.7129×10^-2 5.3002×10^-2 3.7955×10-3 Rank 2 5 3 4 1 F8 Best FF -119.5245 -119.3254 -119.9887 -120.6199 -119.5256 Worst FF -119.0590 -119.0550 -119.9010 -120.2961 -119.3143 Mean -119.2094 -119.1229 -119.9549 -120.4613 -119.3801 Std. Dev 0.1392 7.3253×10^-2 2.3401×10^-2 0.1028 7.3663×10^-2 Rank 4 5 2 1 3 F9 Best FF -321.0454 -164.8339 -172.7972 -293.1865 -330.0000 Worst FF -302.1412 -129.4599 -55.3934 -184.5407 -330.0000 Mean -313.3842 -147.5225 -123.7465 -241.1199 -330.0000 Std. Dev 5.4141 11.0234 41.4742 42.6722 0 Rank 2 4 5 3 1 F10 Best FF -217.5703 -150.7517 -100.1658 -225.9089 -256.3699 Worst FF -92.2075 -104.3583 91.8576 -100.6526 -184.7313 Mean -153.3029 -125.7336 -9.2147 -151.2863 -213.3927 Std. Dev 38.9758 14.0585 62.1465 38.1157 17.6163 Rank 3 4 5 2 1

      For the study purpose, two different distribution networks are considered. The first distribution network is a 33-bus distribution network having a total active power demand of 3715 kW with active power loss of 202.6771 kW [65] at the peak load level. The other one is 69-bus distribution network having active power demand as 3802.2 kW and, reactive power demand as 2694.6 kVAr [67]. The active power loss at the peak load level of the 69-bus distribution network is 224.96 kW.

The size of the solar PV can’t be varied. The installed capacity of solar PV is constant. So, the size of the solar PV has been optimized for a particular hour. In this study, the size of the solar PV has been optimized for the 15^th hour of the day correspond to which the load demand is 1.0 pu, and solar PV power generation is 0.7424 pu. The solar PV system generates and injects the active power to the distribution network. The active power injection from a solar PV plant for any particular hour can be expressed as in (Equation 1.33)

(1.33)

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