Book 1 of Plato's Republic. Drew A. Mannetter
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(S. 341, 1094, 2924). δέ: Postpositive conjunction connecting this sentence with the previous one; here the particle δέ has an adversative sense and serves to mark that something is different from what precedes, but only to offset it, not to exclude or contradict it (S. 2834-35). “As a connective, δέ denotes either pure connection ‘and’, or contrast, ‘but’, with all that lies between” (D. δέ, pg. 162). The postpositive particle draws a contrast with the previous sentence (S. 2904). The oxytone, followed by an enclitic, retains its accent and does not change from the acute to grave (S. 154.a).
σϵ … πυκνότϵρον δϵῦρο ἰέναι: The accusative/infinitive phrase functions as the subject of the quasi-impersonal verb χρὴ (S. 1984-85).
σϵ: Singular, accusative, enclitic form of the personal pronoun σύ (S. 325). The enclitic pronoun loses its accent after the oxytone δέ (S. 183.a).
πυκνότϵρον: Comparative adverb of πυκνόν (S. 345, 1094).
δϵῦρο: Adverb (S. 341, 1094).
ἰέναι: Present infinitive of ϵἶμι (S. 773). The present tense of the infinitive denotes continual action (S. 1865).
χρὴ {(ἑστί) = (χρή ἑστιν)}: Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). An indeclinable substantive meaning “necessity” with the verb understood; in the present indicative ἐστί is to be supplied to form a quasi-impersonal verb meaning “it is necessary …” (S. 793, 933). The following infinitive functions as the subject of the quasi-impersonal expression (S. 1984-85).
ὡς ϵὖ ἴσθι ὅτι ἔμοιγϵ, ὅσον αἱ κατὰ τὸ σῶμα ἡδοναὶ ἀπομαραίνονται, τοσοῦτον αὔξονται αἱ πϵρὶ τοὺς λόγους ἐπιθυμίαι τϵ καὶ ἡδοναί. (328.d)
| ἀπομαραίνομαι: to waste or wither away, die away.αὔξομαι: to grow, wax, increase.ἔγωγϵ, ἐμοῦγϵ: I at least, for my part, for myself.ἐπιθυμία, -ας, ἡ: desire, yearning, longing.ϵὖ: well.ἡδονή, -ῆς, ἡ: delight, enjoyment, pleasure.κατά (+ acc.): in relation to, concerning.λόγος, -ου, ὁ: argument, discourse, conversation. | οἶδα: to know.ὅσον … τοσοῦτον: so far as, so much as … so or thus much.ὅτι: that.πϵρί (+ acc.): concerning, about, with reference to.σῶμα, -ατος, τό: the body.τϵ καί: and.ὡς: very, quite. |
ὡς: The relative adverb augments the force of ϵὖ (L.S. ὡς Ab III a).
ϵὖ: Adverb (S. 341, 1094).
ἴσθι: Second person, singular, perfect imperative with present force of οἶδα (S. 794). The main verb of the complex sentence (S. 2173). The subject σύ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190).
ὅτι … ἡδοναί: The conjunction ὅτι introduces a dependent subordinate clause after ἴσθι, a verb of knowing (S. 2577).
ὅτι: Conjunction introducing the dependent clause (S. 2577).
ἔμοιγϵ: Singular, dative form of the personal pronoun ἔγωγϵ (S. 325). Dative of reference; the dative of a pronoun often denotes the person in whose opinion a statement holds good (S. 1496). The suffix -γϵ attached to the pronoun ἐγώ makes it emphatic (S. 325.b). The compound of ἐγώ γϵ becomes a proparoxytone (S. 186.a).
ὅσον … ἀπομαραίνονται: Clause of comparison; the clause is here a sub-dependent clause (S. 2180, 2462).
ὅσον … τοσοῦτον: A comparative clause of quality or degree is introduced by the relative adverb ὅσον in the subordinate clause and the principal clause contains the demonstrative adverb τοσοῦτον (S. 340, 2468).
αἱ κατὰ τὸ σῶμα ἡδοναὶ: Nominative subject of ἀπομαραίνονται (S. 927, 938). κατὰ τὸ σῶμα: Prepositional phrase; κατά with the accusative here means “in relation to, concerning” (S. 1690.2.c). The prepositional phrase is between the article and noun in the attributive position (S. 1154). τὸ: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition but not here (S. 1128).
ἀπομαραίνονται: Third person, plural, present, passive, indicative of ἀπομαραίνομαι (there is no active form) (S. 383). Main verb of the sub-dependent clause: ὅσον … ἀπομαραίνονται (S. 2173, 2180).
τοσοῦτον … ἡδοναί: The main dependent clause after ὅτι (S. 2180, 2577).
αὔξονται: Third person, plural, present, passive, indicative of αὔξω (S. 383). Main verb of the dependent clause (S. 2173).
αἱ πϵρὶ τοὺς λόγους ἐπιθυμίαι τϵ καὶ ἡδοναί: Nominative subject of αὔξονται (S. 927, 938). αἱ … ἐπιθυμίαι … ἡδοναί: A single article, used with the first of two or more nouns connected by and, produces the effect of a single notion (S. 1143). πϵρὶ τοὺς λόγους: Prepositional phrase; πϵρί with the accusative here means “concerning, about, with reference to” (S. 1693.3.c). The prepositional phrase is between the article and noun in the attributive position (S. 1154). τοὺς: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition but not here (S. 1128). τϵ καὶ: The conjunction connects the two nominative nouns (S. 2974). τϵ: The anticipatory particle τϵ is sometimes placed adjacent to καὶ (S. 2974). The enclitic particle loses its accent after the paroxytone ἐπιθυμίαι (S. 183.d).
μὴ οὖν ἄλλως ποίϵι, ἀλλὰ τοῖσδέ τϵ τοῖς νϵανίαις ξύνισθι καὶ δϵῦρο παρ´ ἡμᾶς φοίτα ὡς παρὰ φίλους τϵ καὶ πάνυ οἰκϵίους. (328.d)
| ἀλλά: but.ἄλλως: otherwise, differently.δϵῦρο: hither.ἡμϵῖς, ἡμῶν: we, of us.μή: (do) not.νϵανίας, -ου, ὁ: young man, youth.ξύνϵιμι: to be with, be joined with, take part with.ὅδϵ, ἥδϵ, τόδϵ: this man, woman, or thing.οἰκϵίοι, -ῶν, οἱ: kinsmen. | οὖν: so, then.πάνυ: nearest, closest.παρά (+ acc.): to.ποιέω: to do.τϵ … καί: and.τϵ καί: and.φίλος, -ου, ὁ: friend.φοιτάω: to visit.ὡς: as. |
μὴ … ποίϵι: Negative imperative (S. 1840). μὴ: The negative adverb μή is used in negative imperatives (S. 2689). ποίϵι: Second person, singular, present, active imperative of ποιέω (S. 385). Main verb of the (first) simple coordinate clause: μὴ … ποίϵι (S. 2162). In the second person, prohibitions are expressed with μή and the present imperative (as here) or the aorist subjunctive (S. 1840). The subject σύ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). The present tense of the imperative denotes continued action (S. 1864.a).
οὖν: The postpositive (normally second position) inferential particle, usually classed as a conjunction, signifies that something follows from what precedes. Inferential οὖν marks a transition to a new thought and continues a