Book 1 of Plato's Republic. Drew A. Mannetter
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the postpositive particle is preparatory, it is normally placed second in the sentence or clause (D. τϵ, pg. 515). When several enclitics occur in succession, each receives an accent from the following, only the last having no accent (S. 185).
ξύνισθι: Second person, singular, present imperative of ξύνϵιμι (S. 768). Main verb of the (second) simple coordinate clause: ἀλλὰ … ξύνισθι (S. 2162). The subject σύ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). The present tense of the imperative denotes continued action (S. 1864.a).
δϵῦρο: Adverb (S. 341, 1094).
παρ´ ἡμᾶς: Prepositional phrase; παρά with the accusative here means “to” (S. 1692.3.a). παρ´: An elision of παρὰ (S. 70). ἡμᾶς: Plural, accusative of the personal pronoun ἡμϵῖς (S. 325).
φοίτα: Second person, singular, present, active, imperative of φοίτάω (S. 385). Main verb of the (third) complex coordinate clause: δϵῦρο … οἰκϵίους (S. 2162). The subject σύ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). The present tense of the imperative denotes continued action (S. 1864.a).
ὡς … οἰκϵίους: Comparative clause; the relative adverb ὡς “as” introduces the clause and the verb is commonly omitted if it is the same as the verb of the leading clause (φοίτα) (S. 2463-64).
παρὰ φίλους τϵ καὶ πάνυ οἰκϵίους: Prepositional phrase; παρά with the accusative here means “to” (S. 1692.3.a). φίλους … οἰκϵίους: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition (S. 1128). τϵ καὶ: The conjunction connects the two accusative nouns (S. 2974). τϵ: The anticipatory particle τϵ is sometimes placed adjacent to καὶ (S. 2974). The enclitic particle loses its accent after the paroxytone φίλους (S. 183.d).
πάνυ: Adverb; here modifying οἰκϵίους, an adjective used substantively (S. 341, 1094).
I.2.B: Socrates and Cephalus discuss the positive and negative aspects of old age. (328.d-329.d)
Καὶ μήν, ἦν δ´ ἐγώ, ὦ Κέφαλϵ, χαίρω γϵ διαλϵγόμϵνος τοῖς σφόδρα πρϵσβύταις· (328.d-e)
| δέ: and.διαλέγομαι: to converse with, hold converse with.ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ: I, of me.ἠμί: to say.καὶ μὴν… γϵ: and indeed, and yet, oh, but. | Κέφαλος, -ου, ὁ: Cephalus.πρϵσβύτης, -ου, ὁ: old man.σφόδρα: very, exceedingly.χαίρω: to rejoice at, be glad to.ὦ: O. |
Καὶ μήν … γϵ: The combination of particles is here progressive; it expresses agreement or consent, or a generally favorable reaction to the words of the previous speaker (S. 2921) (D. καὶ μήν, pg. 353-355). Καὶ: The particle here connects this sentence with the previous one (S. 2868). μήν: The postpositive adversative particle balances, denoting that a fact coexists with another fact opposed to it meaning “yet, however” (D. μήν, pg. 334). An acute, when not immediately followed by another word, does not change to a grave (S. 154). γϵ: Here γϵ emphasizes the word with which it is immediately connected (χαίρω) (S. 2921) (D. γϵ pg. 119-120). The enclitic particle loses its accent after the paroxytone χαίρω (S. 183.d).
ἦν δ´ ἐγώ: This phrase introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590). ἦν: First person, singular, imperfect, indicative of ἠμί (S. 792). Main verb of the introductory phrase (S. 903). The irregular verb only occurs in the present and imperfect 1st and 3d singular (= Latin inquam, inquit) (S. 792). δ´: Postpositive conjunction connecting this sentence with the previous one; the copulative δέ marks transition, and is the ordinary particle used in connecting successive clauses or sentences which add something new or different, but not opposed, to what precedes, and are not joined by other particles, such as γάρ or οὖν (S. 2835-2836). “As a connective, δέ denotes either pure connection ‘and’, or contrast, ‘but’, with all that lies between” (D. δέ, pg. 162). An elision of δὲ (S. 70). ἐγώ: Singular, nominative of the personal pronoun ἐγώ (S. 325). Nominative subject of ἦν (S. 927, 938). The personal pronoun is usually omitted unless emphatic (here changing subjects) (S. 1190). An acute, when not immediately followed by another word, does not change to a grave (S. 154).
ὦ Κέφαλϵ: Vocative; the vocative forms an incomplete sentence (S. 1283). ὦ: The exclamation is used with the vocative (S. 1284). The vocative is normally found in the interior of a sentence (S. 1285).
χαίρω: First person, singular, present, active, indicative of χαίρω (S. 383). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The subject ἐγώ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190).
διαλϵγόμϵνος: Singular, masculine, nominative, present, deponent supplementary participle of διαλέγομαι modifying ἐγώ, the implied subject of χαίρω (S. 2042, 2088). The supplementary participle is often like an object infinitive after certain verbs (S. 2094). With verbs of emotion the supplementary participle often denotes cause (S. 2100). The present tense of the participle denotes continual action (S. 1872.a).
τοῖς σφόδρα πρϵσβύταις: Dative of association with the participle διαλϵγόμϵνος; the dative is used with words denoting friendly or hostile association or intercourse (S. 1523, 2040). σφόδρα: Adverb; here modifying πρϵσβύταις, an adjective used substantively (S. 341, 1094).
δοκϵῖ γάρ μοι χρῆναι παρ´ αὐτῶν πυνθάνϵσθαι, ὥσπϵρ τινὰ ὁδὸν προϵληλυθότων, ἣν καὶ ἡμᾶς ἴσως δϵήσϵι πορϵύϵσθαι, ποία τίς ἐστι, τραχϵῖα καὶ χαλϵπή, ἢ ῥᾳδία καὶ ϵὔπορος· (328.e)
| αὐτόν, αὐτήν, αὐτό: him, her, it.γάρ: for.δϵῖ: it is needful for, one must.δοκέω: to seem, to seem good.ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ: I, of me.ἐιμί: to be.ϵὔπορος, -ον: easy to pass or travel through.ἤ: or.ἡμϵῖς, ἡμῶν: we, of us.ἴσως: equally, in like manner.καί: also; and.ὁδός, -οῦ, ἡ: way, road, path, track, highway. | ὅς, ἥ, ὅ: who, which.παρά (+ gen.): from.ποῖός τις, -α, -ον: of what nature? of what sort?πορϵύομαι: to go, walk, go across, pass.προέρχομαι: to go forward, go on, advance, go before or first.πυνθάνομαι: to learn from, learn by inquiry, hear, learn.ῥᾴδιος, -α, -ον: easy, easy to do.τις, τι: some.τραχύς, -ϵῖα, -ύ: rugged, rough.χαλϵπός, -ή, -όν: hard to bear, difficult, irksome.χρῆναι: to be necessary.ὥσπϵρ: as, just as, as it were. |
δοκϵῖ: Third person, singular, present, active indicative of δοκέω (S. 385). Main verb of the complex sentence (S. 2173). Quasi-impersonal use of the verb meaning “it seems good”; the infinitive phrase χρῆναι παρ´ αὺτῶν πυνθάνϵσθαι functions as the subject (S. 1984-85).
γάρ: Postpositive particle; causal γάρ, as a conjunction, serves to introduce a cause of, or a reason for, an action before mentioned; to justify a preceding