Ecology of Sulawesi. Tony Whitten
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management 192
Chapter 3 Estuaries, seagrass meadows and coral reefs 195
Estuaries 195
Water characteristics 195
Fauna 196
Primary productivity 201
Seagrass meadows 201
Seagrasses 201
Reproduction 206
Biomass, productivity and decomposition 207
Effects of development 208
Dugongs 210
Coral reefs 212
Importance and species richness 212
Structure and formation 213
Reef invertebrates 219
Reef fish 232
Reef algae and herbivores 238
Productivity and plankton 241
Causes of coral death and reef destruction 241
Coral reef fisheries 243
Coral reef survey techniques 246
Chapter 4 Freshwater ecosystems 257
Introduction 257
Lakes and rivers 258
Physical features 262
Water inputs and outputs 264
Water chemistry 266
Plants 268
Macrophytes 268
Phytoplankton 283
Fungi, bacteria and blue-green algae 284
Fauna 285
Zooplankton 286
Macro-invertebrates 287
Schistosomiasis and echinostomiasis of the Lindu valley 293
Fish 298
Aquatic reptiles 301
Water birds 305
Malili lakes system 308
Physical patterns in lakes 310
Temperature 310
Oxygen 311
Nutrients and conductivity 312
Light penetration 314
Stability 315
Biotic patterns in lakes 316
Physical patterns in rivers 317
Discharge 317
Shear stress 319
Riverbed particle size 320
Temperature 321
Dissolved oxygen and mineral nutrients 321
Biotic patterns in rivers 323
Current 323
Substratum 324
Temperature and dissolved
oxygen 324
Mineral nutrients 325
Biotic factors 325
Energy flow 325
Benthos dynamics 328
Fisheries 330
Management of macrophytes 336
Impacts of development 340
Industrial, domestic and agricultural pollution 340
Poisons, bombs and electric shocks 341
Forest clearance 342
Chapter 5 Lowland forests 343
Diversity 343
Structure and components 346
Characteristics 346
Layering 347
Basal area and biomass 350
Roots 350
Buttresses and trunks 351
Climbing and creeping plants 353
Epiphytes and epiphylls 356
Dynamics 359
Succession and growth cycle 359
Litterfall, nutrient cycling and productivity 365
Flower, fruit and leaf production 366
Herbivory 369
Seed dispersal and predation 379
Composition 385
Composition of mature-phase forest 385
Composition of pioneer- and building-phase forest 394
Animal communities 400
Soil and litter communities 400
Forest floor community 404
Lower and upper canopy communities 415
Comparison of mature- and pioneer-phase faunas 433
The effects of opening forest 434
General effects 434
Wider implications of forest conversion 437
Effects of selective logging on the forest 438
Effects of selective logging on soil and hydrology 440
Effects of selective logging on the fauna 442
Chapter 6 Specific lowland forest types 445
Introduction 445
Peatswamp forest 445
Formation and location 445
Vegetation 446
Fauna 449
Freshwater swamp forest 449
Physical conditions 449
Vegetation 450
Riverine forest 454
Vegetation 454
Fauna 457
Forest on ultrabasic soils 457
Soils 457
Vegetation 460
Fauna 466
Forest on limestone 468
Physical conditions 468
Soils 472