Ecology of Sulawesi. Tony Whitten
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Hydrology 472
Vegetation 474
Effects of disturbance 478
Fauna 479
Monsoon forest 480
Vegetation 480
Fauna 486
The Palu valley: past and future 487
Chapter 7 Mountains 489
Introduction 489
Climate 489
Temperature 489
Relative humidity 491
Clouds 492
Rainfall 492
Ultra-violet radiation 493
Soils 494
Vegetation 495
Structure 495
Zonation 501
Characteristic plants 503
Selected mountains 511
Pollination and dispersal 515
Biomass and productivity 517
Mineral cycling 518
Volcanoes 520
Animals and their zonation 523
Invertebrates 523
Birds 526
Mammals 528
Effects of disturbance 533
Chapter 8 Caves 535
Introduction 535
Cave formation 539
Temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide 543
Characteristic animals and food chains 543
Effects of darkness 544
Echo-location 546
Roof community 549
Swiftlets 553
Floor community 553
Differences within and between caves 561
Effects of disturbance 561
Chapter 9 Agroecosystems 567
Characteristics 567
Swidden, shifting and intensive agriculture 570
Pest ecology and control 573
Rice fields 577
Introduction 577
Rice fields as an ecosystem 579
Insect pests on rice 581
Rats and their control 583
Rice field birds 585
Coconut and clove 588
Coconut 589
Clove 596
Cotton 598
Chapter 10 Urban ecology 601
Introduction 601
Gardens and streets 602
Vegetation 602
Birds 608
Bats 612
Walls 614
Ditches 617
Houses 620
Spiders and ants 620
Geckos 620
Possible urban ecology studies 621
Chapter 11 Resources and the future 625
Forestry 625
Watershed management 628
Implications of Island Biogeographic theory 631
Extinction and conservation 633
Genetic resources 637
Future scenarios 638
Drawing the line 638
Appendices 641
A. Interpretation of soil analysis data 641
B. Plant family abbreviations used in the text 642
C. Key to the trees of mangrove and estuarine areas 644
D. Key to seagrasses 646
E. Keys to the submerged and floating freshwater macrophytes 648
F. Key to tree ferns 652
G. Key to termites 654
H. Key to mudskippers 656
I. Key to toads and frogs 658
J. Key to house geckos 661
K. Key to parrots 662
L. Key to bat families 663
M. Key to fruit bats 664
N. Data sheet for coral reef monitoring 666
Notes 669
Bibliography 681
Index 727
Foreword to
the first edition (1987)
Indonesia, with its large population and vast and varied natural resources, must strive for economic development at the same time as protecting and enhancing the environment. Development must involve a harmonious relationship between Man and God, Man and his fellow man, and Man and Nature.
This book has been written as one important element in the incorporation of environmental thinking into development activities on Sulawesi. It provides important ecological information which will assist government planning agencies and project developments in including ecological considerations in development activities. The Ecology of Sulawesi is part of a series of books on the ecology of Indonesia. The first book in the series, The Ecology of Sumatra, was published in 1984 and is now in its third printing. A continuing demand for books in the series is evident.
The Ecology of Sulawesi has been written with the involvement of scientists from the Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies at Hasanuddin University, Ujung Pandang. The books in this Ecology of series serve not only to provide basic information on the environment. The process of preparation of the books also allows for training and technology transfer in environmental research between the authors and the junior scientists at the university environmental study centres.
We hope that scientists will be encouraged by this book to pursue further research on the ecological conditions in Sulawesi, and to apply the results of this continuing research to solutions to the environmental challenges posed by development in Sulawesi.
Emil Salim
Minister of State for Population and Environment