This book was produced within the Environmental Management Development in Indonesia (EMDI) Project, implemented by the Indonesian Ministry of State for Population and Environment (KLH) and the School for Resource and Environmental Studies (SRES) at Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. The project is funded by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). The commitment to the publication of The Ecology of Sulawesi of those people involved in the administration of the project is much appreciated and special thanks are due to Koesnadi Hardjasoemantri, Sjafran Sjamsuddin (KLH, Jakarta), Arthur Hanson, Geoffrey Hainsworth, and George Greene (SRES, Halifax). The book has been born out of the experience of producing The Ecology of Sumatra which was financed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) between 1982 and 1984.

      The Rectors of the four state universities on Sulawesi namely Fachruddin, (Hasanuddin University, Ujung Pandang), Mattulada (Tadu-lako University, Palu), W.J. Waworoento (Sam Ratulangi University, Manado) and Eddy Agussalim Mokodompit (Haluoleo University, Kendari) and their staffs have cooperated by supplying information and have supported the effort to further the ecological understanding of Sulawesi.

      The entire English text has been critically reviewed and examined by Jane Whitten (Bogor), Anoma Santiapillai (Bogor) and Gembong Tjitrosoepomo (Yogyakarta), the third of whom made the translation for the Indonesian version, Ekologi Sulawesi. Major portions were reviewed by Peter Bellwood (Canberra), Chris Bennett (Manado), David Bulbeck (Ujung Pandang), S.C. Chin (Kuala Lumpur), James Davie (Rock-hampton), David Dudgeon (Hong Kong), Ian Glover (London), Atmadja Hardjamulia (Bogor), Duncan Parish (Kuala Lumpur), Nicholas Polunin (Port Moresby), and Nengah Wirawan (Ujung Pandang). Great thanks are due to these people for their constructive criticisms, but it must be stressed that the mistakes remaining in the text are entirely the responsibility of the authors.

      The Executive Director of Gadjah Mada University Press, H.J. Koesoe-manto^†, has always been willing to advise, listen, and cooperate and we owe him a considerable debt of gratitude.

      We also express gratitude to the Royal Entomological Society of London for permission to visit their Project Wallace research site in the Bogani Nani Wartabone (formerly Dumoga-Bone) National Park, Bolaang Mongondow, in 1985.

      In addition, many people have provided considerable assistance (often more than they realize) by sending reports, papers, unpublished information and other forms of information, by advising, cajoling, identifying specimens, by making helpful suggestions, or by helping the authors in the field. They are: Abdul Rachman Abudi, Amran Achmad (Ujung Pandang), Mohamad Amir (Bogor), Dick R. Askew (Manchester), Michael Audley-Charles (London), Andy Austin (Adelaide), Max van Balgooy (Leiden), Henry S. Barlow (Kuala Lumpur), Wim Bergmans (Amsterdam), David Bishop (Chesterhill and NSW), Roger Blackith (Dublin), Peter Bloks (Leiden), Boeadi (Bogor), Hans A.J. in den Bosch (Leiden), W. Boudewijn (Ujung Pandang), Martin Brendell (London), Francois Brouquisse (Tolouse), Sean Brown (London), Arie Budiman (Bogor), Elisa Bung'alo (Lumuk), Burhan (Ujung, Pandang), Roger Butlin (Norwich), Diane Cal-abrese (Carlisle, Penn.), Ray Catchpole (Kendari), Ailsa Clark (London), Lynn Clayton (Oxford), Nigel Collar (Cambridge), Mark Collins (Cambridge), David Coyle (Watampone), Wempy Dahong (Ujung Pandang), Rokhmin Dahuri (Bogor), Sengli Damanik (Medan), Anthony Davis (Nagercoil), Louis Deharveng (Tolouse), Rene Dekker (Dumoga), Peter Dinwiddie (Swindon), Henry Disney (Cambridge), Machfudz Djajasasmita (Bogor), John Dransfield (Kew), Julian Dring (London), Jans Duffels (Amsterdam), Lance Durden (Nashville), Rusly Durio (Ujung Pandang), Siegfied Eck (Dresden), Chris Escott (Saskatoon), C.H. Fernando, (Waterloo), Theodore Flemming (Coral Gables, FL), Ben Gaskell (London), S.S. Gasong (Palu), E. Gittenberger (Leiden), Emily Glover (London), Michael Green (Cambridge), Penny Greenslade (Canberra), Steven Greenwood (Oxford), Colin Groves (Canberra), James Guiry (Soroako), Surastopo Hadisumarno (Yogyakarta), Gavin Hainsworth (Vancouver), Tony Harman (Canterbury), Hanna Hardjono (Ujung Pandang), A.M. Hashi (Palopo), Loky Herlambang and the staff of the Nusantara Diving Centre (Manado), John E. Hill (London), Bert Hoeksema (Leiden), Ian Hodkinson (Liverpool), Jeremy Hollowax (London), Derek Holmes (Jakarta), L.B. Holthuis (Leiden), Marinus Hoogmoed (Leiden), Geoff Hope (Canberra), Hans Huijbregts (Leiden), Jaffre (Palopo), Paula Jenkins (London), Clive Jermy (London), Ahdul Rachman Kadir (Ujung Pandang), John Katili (Jakarta), Peter Kevan (Guelph), Ashley Kirk-Spriggs (Cardiff), David Kistner (Chico), Roger Kitching (Armidale), Robby V.T. Ko (Bogor), Jan de Korte (Amsterdam), Maurice Kottelat (Courrendlin), Jan Krikken (Leiden), Jaroslav Klapste (Melbourne), Bill Knight (London), Andrew Lack (Swansea), David de Lauberfels (Syracuse), Philippe Le Clerc (Tolouse), Cecile Lomer (Bogor), C.H.C. Lyal (Auckland), Colin McCarthy (London), Ron and Patty McCullogh (Palu), Odilia Maessen (Halifax, N.S.), Ayub Mahmud (Malili), Syafii Manan (Bogor), Adrian, G. Marshall (Aberdeen). Joe Marshall (Washington), G.A. Matthews (Ascot), John Miksic (Yogakarta), Andrew Mitchell (London), Willem Moka (Ujung Pandang), Robert Molenaar (Manado), Hans Moll (Leiden), Kate Monk (Safat), Barry P. Moore (Canberra), Evelyn Mundy (Bogor), Guy Musser (New York), Safiruddin Natsir (Ujung Pandang), Baharuddin Nurkin (Ujung Pandang), Grace O'Donovan (Dublin), Sharifuddin Andi Omar (Ujung Pandang), H.S. Padeato (Manado), S.W. Padiato (Luwuk), Ray-mondus Palete (Dumoga), J.L. Panelewan (Manado), P.E.A. Pangalila (Manado), Duncan Parish (Kuala Lumpur), Michael Pearce (London), Totok Prawitosari (Ujung Pandang), T. Racheli (Rome), Musaka Rachmat (Ujung Pandang), Anthony Reid (Canberra), Christopher Rees (York), Mien Rifai (Bogor), Willem Rodenburg (Koudekerk a/d Rijn), Frank G. Rozendaal (Bilthoven), Didi Rukmana (Ujung Pandang), A. Sabani (Palopo), Peter Sane (Kendari), Sjahril T. Selamat (Ujung Pandang), Victoria Selmier (San Francisco), Dan Sembel (Manado), Siahaan (Luwuk), Alison Skene (Bogor), the late C.G.G.J. van Steenis (Leiden), Nigel Stork (London), J.S.W.D. Subroto (Manado), N. Sulaiman (Jakarta), Mulyadi Susanto (Kendari), Stephen Sutton (Leeds), Antius Tolesa (Luwuk), Michael Tremble (Albuquerque), John Uttley (Durham), Charlotte Ver-meulen (Dumoga), Ed de Vogel (Leiden), Michael Wade (Bogor), B. Wahyu (Soroako), Sarah Warren (Yale), Dick Watling (Suva), Chris Watts (Adelaide), Alice Wells (Adelaide), Chris Wemmer (Washington), Michael Walters (Tring), Alwyne Wheeler (London), Tim Whitmore (Oxford), Willem de Wilde (Leiden), Johanna Wilson (Bogor), Mike Wilson (London) and John Winter (Townsville).

      The principal typist has been Lisbet^† who has worked with great diligence, care and commitment. The majority of the figures were drawn by Syamsul, to whom our considerable thanks are due.

      Finally, and mainly, we thank Almighty God for His grace and caring love shown throughout the preparation of this book, without which it would never have been completed.

      † Deceased

      Figure I.1. Main towns, island groups and islands of Sulawesi.

      Introduction

      We arrived in Sulawesi in 1991, our bags overstuffed with the gear of ecologists—binoculars, notebooks, two dictionaries and one extremely heavy reference book, The Ecology of Sulawesi. The Ecology of Sulawesi provided a summary of the current knowledge of the island at that time. There was no argument about the thoroughness of the book; if a topic wasn't mentioned in The Ecology of Sulawesi, it probably hadn't been studied. At the time, there wasn't even a field guide to the birds, and our first identifications of endemic mynas relied on a small, black and white sketch in chapter one. Because few other references were available, The Ecology of Sulawesi became our bible. Over a four-year period of constant use by visitors, students, and biologists—not the least ourselves—our copy developed a broken binding and dog-eared, underlined pages—the highest compliment to the authors.

      Much has changed in the past 13 years since the first edition of The Ecology of Sulawesi was published. There have been discoveries that we never imagined, and losses beyond what only the worst of pessimists would have dreamed in 1987. Unfortunately, funding is not yet available for a full revision that would incorporate all these changes into a new edition of The Ecology of Sulawesi. This second edition of The Ecology of Sulazvesi, however, will still be invaluable in any library. The updated bibliography should provide readers with numerous sources for more recent information about the island. Our first edition copy (now rebound) never stays on the shelf long and remains

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