Lifespan. David Sinclair
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was animated and life took hold. M. J. Van Kranendonk, D. W. Deamer, and T. Djokic, “Life on Earth Came from a Hot Volcanic Pool, Not the Sea, New Evidence Suggests,”
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J. B. Iorgulescu, M. Harary, C. K. Zogg, et al., “Improved Risk-Adjusted Survival for Melanoma Brain Metastases in the Era of Checkpoint Blockade Immunotherapies: Results from a National Cohort,”
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As far back as Aristotle, scientists and philosophers have struggled to resolve the enigma of aging, the authors wrote. D. Fabian and T. Flatt, “The Evolution of Aging,”
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A bat from Siberia set a world record when it reached 41 years of age. R. Locke, “The Oldest Bat: Longest-Lived Mammals Offer Clues to Better Aging in Humans,”
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Small colonies of lizards on a series of Caribbean islands were likely to explore islands where there weren’t predators, while less adventurous animals survived better when predators were present. O. Lapiedra, T. W. Schoener, M. Leal, et al., “Predator-Driven Natural Selection on Risk-Taking Behavior in Anole Lizards,”
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Richard Dawkins eloquently made this point in
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See “The Scale of Things” at the end of this book.
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Szilard spent his last years as a fellow of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California, as a resident fellow. He lived in a bungalow on the property of the Hotel del Charro and died on May 30, 1964.
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R. Anderson, “Ionizing Radiation and Aging: Rejuvenating an Old Idea,”
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L. E. Orgel, “The Maintenance of the Accuracy of Protein Synthesis and Its Relevance to Ageing,”
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Harman concluded that the diseases related to aging, as well as aging itself, stem fundamentally from “the deleterious side attacks of free-radicals on cell constituents and on the connective tissues.” The source of the free radicals, he continued, was “molecular oxygen catalyzed in the cell by the oxidative enzymes” and metal traces. D. Harman, “Aging: A Theory Based on Free Radical and Radiation Chemistry,”
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Nutraceuticals World predicts that a rising appetite for synthetic antioxidants at the same time as a fall in costs, combined with increasing demand for them by food and beverage companies, will power market growth for the next few years. “Global Antioxidants Market Expected to Reach $4.5 Billion by 2022,”
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The sharp growth in demand for drinks with a health benefit, a beverage industry website finds, goes hand in hand with consumers wanting ingredients they value. A. Del Buono, “Consumers’ Understanding of Antioxidants Grows,”
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I. Martincorena, J. C. Fowler, A. Wabik, et al., “Somatic Mutant Clones Colonize the Human Esophagus with Age,”
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The authors concluded that their data “calls into serious question the hypothesis that alterations in oxidative damage/stress play a role in the longevity of mice.” V. I. Pérez, A. Bokov, H. Van Remmen, et al., “Is the Oxidative Stress Theory of Aging Dead?,”
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A. P. Gomes, N. L. Price, A. J. Ling, et al., “Declining NAD(+) Induces a Pseudohypoxic State Disrupting Nuclear-Mitochondrial Communication During Aging,”
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W. Lanouette and B. Silard,
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According to the NIH fact sheet, “clones created from a cell taken from an adult might have chromosomes that are already shorter than normal, which may condemn the clones’ cells to a shorter life span.” “Cloning,” National Human Genome Research Institute, March 21, 2017, https://www.genome.gov/25020028/cloning-fact-sheet/.
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In the debates over Dolly the cloned sheep, the question that has proved to be challenging to answer is how old an animal is at birth when cloned from an adult’s cell. The answer an author on the site The Conversation found was that other clones born from the same cell as Dolly lived normal lifespans. “The new Dollies are now telling us that if we take a cell from an animal of any age, and we introduce its nucleus into a nonfertilized mature egg, we can have an individual born with its lifespan fully restored.” J. Cibell, “More Lessons from Dolly the Sheep: Is a Clone Really Born at Age Zero?,” The Conversation, February 17, 2017, https://theconversation.com/more-lessons-from-dolly-the-sheep-is-a-clone-really-born-at-age-zero-73031.
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Though some cloned animals match their species’ rates of normal aging, it’s a field that still needs further analysis to get beyond the largely anecdotal evidence so far collected. J. P. Burgstaller and G. Brem, “Aging of Cloned Animals: A Mini-Review,”
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University of Bath researchers found in cloned mice that the telomeres protecting the ends of chromosomes were, surprisingly, slightly longer in successive generations and demonstrated no evidence of premature aging. T. Wakayama, Y. Shinkai, K. L. K. Tamashiro, et al., “Ageing: Cloning of Mice to Six Generations,”
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The authors discovered mitochondrial DNA in a Neanderthal bone in Croatia that revealed older dates of survival than previously thought. T. Devièse, I. Karavanié, D. Comeskey, et al., “Direct Dating of Neanderthal Remains from the Site of Vindija Cave and Implications for the Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition,”