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      In a recent study carried out by Yu et al. (2019), it was demonstrated that paclitaxel and siRNA delivered by separate liposomes exhibit less advantages over the combination of paclitaxel and siRNA using AS1411 functional liposomes, which actively enhances the number of apoptotic cells and decreases angiogenesis [138].

      There are several commercial products available in the market such as Lipofectine and Lipofect AMINE, which are the liposomal drug delivery system used for nucleic acid delivery through lipid nanocarriers [139].

Table 1.4 List of the drug as lipid nanocarriers under clinical investigation.

Drug	Company	Disease	References
ND-L02-s0201	Nitto Denko Corporation	Fibrosis	[140]
ALN-VSP02	Alnylam Pharmaceuticals	Solid tumors	[141]
ALN-TTR02		Amyloidosis	[142]
ALN-PCS02		Hypercholesterolemia	[143]
DCR-MYC	Dicerna Pharmaceuticals	Multiple Myeloma	[144]
ARB-001467	Arbutus Biopharma	Hepatitis B	[145]
TKM-100201	Tekmira Pharmaceuticals	Ebola Virus Infection	[146]
siRNA-EphA2-DOPC	M.D. Anderson Cancer Center	Advanced cancers	[147]

Similarly, few other examples of the nucleic acid delivery through lipid carriers that are under clinical investigation are given in Table 1.4.

      1.7.3 Application in Delivery of Peptide/Hormone

Various lipid-based nanocarriers such as SLNs and liposomes have attempted to deliver peptide hormones such as Insulin, Gonadorelin, Levothyroxine, BSA, etc. In these categories, most of the lipid nanocarriers have demonstrated effectiveness in the delivery of hormones [148–150]. Various kinds of carriers explored to deliver peptides are given in Table 1.5.

1.8 Conclusion

Several nanocarriers have been explored for drug delivery application. However, majority of them do suffer from some known limitations such as low solubility of drugs, lack of targeting, toxicological profile, and physiochemical properties of individual carrier system. To overcome these issues, lipid-based carriers emerged to overcome these barriers and to ensure effective treatments for vulnerable patients in the past three decades. In nanotechnology platforms, lipid-based nanocarriers received notable attention in the field of drug delivery. Lipid nanoparticles such as SLNs, NLCs, SEDDS, crystalline mesophases, liposomes, and nanoemulsions are most widely used carriers in drug delivery due to their excellent pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics profiles, higher solubility of lipophilic drugs, and greater bioavailability. The lipid-based carriers owe lower cytotoxicity and are capable to target drugs to the desired site but do not interact with them. Therefore, these carrier systems do not interfere with the existing effect and potency of the drugs. The lipid-based nanocarriers are capable to entrap the drug in higher amount than other types of nanocarriers. There are several methods available to prepare the lipid-based carriers such as high-pressure homogenization, ultrasonication, solvent emulsification–diffusion, microemulsion-based method etc., which produced average and uniform size nanoparticles or nano-droplets. These nanocarriers can be characterized for size, zeta potential, morphological characteristics (SEM, TEM, AFM, and PLM), and thermal and behavioral composition. Lipid-based nanocarriers are being extensively used in drug delivery for various diseases. These carriers were explored enormously for delivering drug, therapeutic nucleic acids, hormones, and proteins utilized drug delivery, gene therapy by delivering nucleic acid, and hormonal therapy by peptides/proteins and hormones delivery. Several commercial products of lipid carriers are available in the market, and numerous products are under clinical trials.

Table 1.5 Lipid carrier system used for the delivery of different peptides/proteins and hormones.

Carrier system	Peptide/Hormone	References
SLNs	Recombinant human insulin	[151]
	Salmon calcitonin	[152]
	Gonadorelin	[153]
	Thymopentin	[154]
	Leuprolide	[155]
	Levothyroxine	[156]
	Lysozyme	[157]
SMDDS	Cyclosporine	[158]
Liposomes	Insulin	[159]
	Salmon calcitonin	[160]
	Albumin	[161]
	Leuprolide	[162]
	Epidermal growth factor	[163]
	Octreotide	[164]
	Growth hormone	[165]
Nano-emulsion	Bovine serum albumin	[162, 163]
	Aprotinin	[164, 165]

References

      1. Hoffman, A.S., The origins and evolution of “controlled” drug delivery systems. J. Control. Release, 132, 153–163, 2008.

2. Lei, Y., Lu, Y., Qi, J., Nie, S.,

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