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production growth rate: −21% (1995 est.)

      Electricity: capacity: 4,900,000 kW production: 17 billion kWh consumption per capita: 2,200 kWh (1995 est.)

      Agriculture: cotton, grain, rice, grapes, fruit, vegetables, tea, tobacco; cattle, pigs, sheep, goats

      Illicit drugs: illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for CIS consumption; limited government eradication program; transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe

      Exports: $549.9 million (f.o.b., 1995)

       commodities: oil and gas, chemicals, oilfield equipment, textiles,

       cotton

       partners: mostly CIS and European countries

      Imports: $681.5 million (c.i.f., 1995)

       commodities: machinery and parts, consumer durables, foodstuffs,

       textiles

       partners: European countries

      External debt: $100 million (of which $75 million to Russia)

      Economic aid:

       recipient: ODA, $14 million (1993)

       note: commitments, 1992–95, $1,000 million ($185 million in

       disbursements); wheat from Turkey

      Currency: 1 manat = 100 gopik

      Exchange rates: manats per US$1 - 4,375 (April 1996), 4,500 (April 1995), 4,168 (end of December 1994)

      Fiscal year: calendar year

      Transportation———————

      Railways:

       total: 2,125 km in common carrier service; does not include

       industrial lines

       broad gauge: 2,125 km 1.520-m gauge (1,278 km electrified) (1993)

      Highways:

       total: 36,700 km

       paved: 31,800 km (includes graveled)

       unpaved: 4,900 km (1990 est.)

      Pipelines: crude oil 1,130 km; petroleum products 630 km; natural

       gas 1,240 km

      Ports: Baku (Baki)

      Airports:

       total: 69

       with paved runways over 3 047 m: 2

       with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 6

       with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 17

       with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 3

       with paved runways under 914 m: 1

       with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 7

       with unpaved runways under 914 m: 33 (1994 est.)

      Communications———————

      Telephones: 710,000 (1991 est.)

      Telephone system: 202,000 persons waiting for telephone installations (January 1991 est.) domestic: telephone service is of poor quality and inadequate; a joint venture to establish a cellular telephone system in the Baku area was supposed to become operational in 1994 international: cable and microwave radio relay connections to former Soviet republics; connection through Moscow international gateway switch to other countries; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat and 1 Intersputnik (Intelsat provides service to Turkey and through Turkey to 200 more countries; Intersputnik provides direct service to New York)

      Radio broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA (1 state-owned radio broadcast station)

      Radios: NA

      Television broadcast stations: 2 note: domestic and Russian TV programs are received locally and Turkish and Iranian TV is received from an Intelsat satellite through a receive-only earth station

      Televisions: NA

      Defense———

      Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Maritime Border Guard

      Manpower availability: males age 15–49: 1,952,390 males fit for military service: 1,574,813 males reach military age (18) annually: 68,006 (1996 est.)

      Defense expenditures: 33.5 billion manats, NA% of GDP (1994); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results

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      @Bahrain———

      Map—

      Location: 26 00 N, 50 33 E—Middle East, archipelago in the

       Persian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia

      Flag——

      Description: red with a white serrated band (eight white points)

       on the hoist side

      Geography————

      Location: Middle East, archipelago in the Persian Gulf, east of

       Saudi Arabia

      Geographic coordinates: 26 00 N, 50 33 E

      Map references: Middle East

      Area:

       total area: 620 sq km

       land area: 620 sq km

       comparative area: 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC

      Land boundaries: 0 km

      Coastline: 161 km

      Maritime claims:

       contiguous zone: 24 nm

       continental shelf: extending to boundaries to be determined

       territorial sea: 12 nm

      International disputes: territorial dispute with Qatar over the

       Hawar Islands; maritime boundary with Qatar

      Climate: arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers

      Terrain: mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central

       escarpment

       lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m

       highest point: Jabal ad Dukhan 122 m

      Natural resources: oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas,

       fish

      Land use:

       arable land: 2%

       permanent crops: 2%

       meadows and pastures: 6%

       forest and woodland: 0%

       other: 90%

      Irrigated land: 10 sq km (1989 est.)

      Environment:

       current issues: desertification resulting from the degradation of

       limited arable land, periods of drought, and dust storms; coastal

       degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation)

       resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers,

       oil refineries, and distribution stations; no natural fresh water

       resources so that groundwater and sea water are the only sources for

       all water needs

       natural hazards: periodic droughts; dust storms

       international agreements: party to - Climate Change, Hazardous

       Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not

       ratified - Biodiversity

      Geographic note: close to primary Middle Eastern petroleum sources; strategic location in Persian Gulf which much of Western world's petroleum must transit to reach open ocean

      People———

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