Developmental Psychopathology. Группа авторов

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Developmental Psychopathology - Группа авторов


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(e.g., at least three of seven symptoms must be present), and exclusion criteria for determining when an individual should not be diagnosed with a disorder. DSM‐III was also atheoretical, which means that it did not adhere to any one theory about psychopathology (e.g., psychoanalytic, behavioral).

Tabular representation of Schizoid Personality as Defined by DSM-I Through DSM-5 and the AMPD of DSM-5

      Subsequently, a number of dimensional components were integrated into the DSM‐5 (Regier, Kuhl, & Kupfer, 2013). For example, an alternative dimensional model for personality disorders was introduced to Section III of the DSM for “Emerging Measures and Models” for future research. Additionally, the diagnoses of autistic disorder, Asperger’s disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder were combined into one autism spectrum disorder. This reflects an understanding that these disorders do not differ in “kind” of symptoms or problems, but in “degree” (of severity). Finally, and importantly to the topic of developmental psychopathology, the DSM‐5 had several revisions that improved the assessment of psychopathology in children and adolescents. Specifically, the DSM‐5 added a heading entitled “Development and Course” to each disorder section to describe the typical development of an individual with that disorder across the lifespan and how the individual might present during each developmental stage. The text of many disorders now also expands upon individual variables or characteristics important to the etiology of that disorder, including culture and gender.

      While the DSM is the standard diagnostic manual used in the US, the ICD is the classification system of mental disorders used most widely in the world (Reed et al., 2019). Published by the World Health Organization (WHO), the ICD system was developed in order to catalog and track diseases across populations. The primogenitor of the ICD, the International List of Causes of Death, was published in 1883 and revised four times throughout the following half‐century until the newly formed WHO assumed the responsibility for disease classification in 1948 (ICD‐6; Hirsch et al., 2016). Of note, the ICD‐6 was the first edition to include psychiatric disorders in a compilation of diseases that had previously been more traditionally medical.

      The histories of the DSM and the ICD are rooted in psychiatry and a largely categorical approach to classification and diagnosis. The ICD and DSM can also be thought of as “top down” approaches because they rely on the authoritative opinion and clinical experience of psychiatrists to organize symptoms or behaviors into groups or categories. However, there have also been individuals who have suggested that “bottom up” approaches to defining types of psychopathology are ideal. “Bottom up” approaches to the classification of psychopathology often take a statistical or factor analytic approach to organizing symptoms. One of the first articles using “bottom up” analyses to investigate the statistical covariation of symptoms was by Moore (1930). More recently, the well‐known Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA), the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), and the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) have been developed.

      The Achenbach Sysyem of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA)

      The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Initiative


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