Book 1 of Plato's Republic. Drew A. Mannetter
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person in whose opinion a statement holds good (S. 1496).
δὲ: Postpositive conjunction connecting this sentence with the previous one; here the particle δέ has an adversative sense and serves to mark that something is different from what precedes, but only to offset it, not to exclude or contradict it (S. 2834-35). “As a connective, δέ denotes either pure connection ‘and’, or contrast, ‘but’, with all that lies between” (D. δέ, pg. 162).
δοκοῦσιν: Third person, plural, present, active, indicative of δοκέω (S. 385). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The moveable -ν is added to words ending in -σι at the end of a clause (S. 135).
ὦ Σώκρατϵς: Vocative; the vocative forms an incomplete sentence (S. 1283). ὦ: The exclamation is used with the vocative (S. 1284). Σώκρατϵς: The noun Σωκράτης uses the pure stem in the vocative (S. 248). The vocative is normally found in the interior of a sentence (S. 1285).
οὗτοι: Plural, masculine, nominative demonstrative pronoun used substantively; the antecedent is ἔνιοι (S. 1238). Nominative subject of δοκοῦσιν (S. 927, 938).
οὐ: The simple negative particle οὐ is the negative of fact and statement (S. 2688).
τὸ αἴτιον: Accusative direct object of the infinitive αἰτιᾶσθαι (S.1554, 1967).
αἰτιᾶσθαι: Present, deponent infinitive of αἰτιάομαι (S. 385). An object (complementary) infinitive after δοκοῦσιν (S. 1989). The present tense of the infinitive denotes continual action (S. 1865).
ϵἰ γὰρ ἦν τοῦτ´ αἴτιον, κἂν ἐγὼ τὰ αὐτὰ ταῦτα ἐπϵπόνθη ἕνϵκά γϵ γήρως καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι πάντϵς ὅσοι ἐνταῦθα ἦλθον ἡλικίας. (329.b)
| αἴτιον, -ου, τό: the cause, the reason.ἄλλοι, -ων, οἱ: the other men.ἄν: would.αὐτός, αὐτή, αὐτό: the same man, woman, or thing.γάρ: for.γϵ: at least, at any rate.γῆρας, -ος, τό: old age.ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ: I, of me.ϵἰ: if.ϵἰμί: to be.ἕνϵκα (+ gen.): on account of, because of. | ἐνταῦθα (+ gen.): to this.ἔρχομαι: to come, come or go back, return.ἡλικία, -ας, ἡ: time of life, age.καὶ … καί: not only … but also, both … and.κἄν: see καί and ἄν.ὅσος, -η, -ον: as many as.οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο: this man, woman, or thing.τοῦτο, -ου, τό: this thing.πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν: all.πάσχω: to suffer. |
ϵἰ … ἦν … ἂν … ἐπϵπόνθη: Past, unreal conditional statement; the protasis is formed by the conjunction ϵἰ with the imperfect indicative and the apodosis by the particle ἄν with the pluperfect indicative (S. 2302).
ϵἰ … αἴτιον: The protasis of the conditional statement; in a past, unreal condition the protasis implies that the supposition could not be realized because it is contrary to a known fact (S. 2282, 2302).
ϵἰ: The conjunction introduces the protasis (S. 2282).
γὰρ: Postpositive particle; causal γάρ, as a conjunction, serves to introduce a cause of, or a reason for, an action before mentioned; to justify a preceding utterance; to confirm the truth of a previous statement (S. 2810).
ἦν: Third person, singular, imperfect, indicative of ϵἰμί (S. 768). Main verb of the protasis (S. 2173). The imperfect refers to present time (S. 2304).
τοῦτ´: Singular, neuter, nominative demonstrative pronoun used substantively; the antecedent is the idea two sentences prior of old age being the cause of misery (S. 1238, 1247). Nominative subject of ἦν (S. 927, 938). Elision for τοῦτο (S. 70).
αἴτιον: Singular, neuter, nominative predicate noun modifying τοῦτ´ after ἦν (S. 939). The predicate noun has no article, and is thus distinguished from the subject (S. 1150).
κἂν … ἡλικίας: The apodosis of the conditional statement; in a past, unreal condition the apodosis states what would have be the result if the conditional had been realized (S. 2302).
κἂν … καὶ: κἂν: Crasis of καὶ ἂν (S. 62). καὶ … καὶ: The combination of conjunctions connects the two nominative nouns and means“not only … but also, both … and” (S. 2877). ἂν: See below with ἐπϵπόνθη.
ἐγὼ: Singular, nominative of the personal pronoun ἐγώ (S. 325). The nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). First nominative subject of ἐπϵπόνθη (S. 927, 938).
τὰ αὐτὰ ταῦτα: Accusative direct object of ἐπϵπόνθη (S. 1554). τὰ … ταῦτα: Plural, neuter, accusative demonstrative pronoun used substantively with the article; the antecedent is the litany of problems associated with old age enumerated above (S. 1153.g, 1238). αὐτὰ: Plural, neuter, accusative demonstrative pronoun used as an adjective modifying ταῦτα; after the article, in the attributive position, αὐτός in any case means “same” (S. 1204, 1210).
(ἂν) ἐπϵπόνθη: Main verb of the apodosis (S. 2173). ἂν: The particle is used in the apodosis with the past tense of the indicative to denote the non-fulfillment of the condition (S. 2284). ἐπϵπόνθη: First person, singular, pluperfect, active, indicative of πάσχω (S. 383). The pluperfect is used only when stress is laid on the completion of the act or on the continuance of the result of the act, and generally refers to present time (S. 2306). When there is more than one subject, the verb may agree with the nearest (S. 969).
ἕνϵκά γϵ γήρως: Prepositional phrase; ἕνϵκα with the genitive here means “on account of, because of” (L.S. ἕνϵκα). ἕνϵκά: The acute accent on the ultima syllable is thrown back from the following enclitic γϵ (S. 183.c). γϵ: The postpositive enclitic article is here limitative; when the emphatic word is preceded by a preposition, γϵ is normally placed after the preposition and before the stressed word (S. 2821) (D. γϵ, pg. 146). The enclitic particle throws back its accent onto the previous proparoxytone ἕνϵκά (S. 183.c). Professor Denis Feeney once remarked in a Greek course that the particle γϵ sometimes seemed equivalent to the British expression “bloody”; this seems to me to be one of those instances. γήρως: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition (S. 1128).
οἱ ἄλλοι πάντϵς: Second nominative subject of ἐπϵπόνθη (S. 927, 938). οἱ ἄλλοι: Plural, masculine, nominative adjective of ἄλλος used substantively with the article (S. 1153.a, 1188). πάντϵς: In the predicate position, the adjective means “all” (S. 1168, 1174.b).
ὅσοι … ἡλικίας: Relative clause (S. 2488-2573).
ὅσοι: Singular, masculine, nominative, pronomial adjective used substantively; the antecedent is ἄλλοι (S. 340, 2501). Nominative subject of ἦλθον (S. 927, 938).
ἐνταῦθα … ἡλικίας: The adverb of time ἐνταῦθα is here used with the genitive and means “to” (Lat. ad hoc aetatis) (S. 1439) (L.S. ἐνταῦθα II.2). ἡλικίας: The noun lacks an article (S. 1126).
ἦλθον: Third person, plural, aorist, active, indicative of ἔρχομαι