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of synonyms provide examples for distinguishing shades of meaning. The wealth of any language is assessed by synonyms.

      Dictionaries of antonyms give words with opposite meanings. These dictionaries perform balancing of two poles in the language – the positive and the negative.

      Dictionaries of phraseological units help to understand stable phrases, where the meaning encompasses not one word, but several. Fixed phrases are translated into another language through the meaning of a group of words. A typical example is proverbs. There are also special dictionaries of Russian proverbs. Because not even all Russians can understand the meaning of phraseological units.

      Terminological dictionaries help to understand professional words and terms from a specific field of knowledge.

      Frequency dictionaries help to identify the most frequently used words.

      Dictionaries of neologisms explain the emerging new words in the Russian language. Neologisms can appear on the material of the Russian language and enter from foreign languagesinto the Russian language. For such neologisms from other languages, there are also loan dictionaries. There are also dictionaries of foreign words, that is, these are the words that function in the Russian language, but Russians feel them as“foreign».

      Etymological dictionaries explain the history of the formation of word meanings. Sometimes it changes in the course of history. As happened with the word «red», now it has two separate meanings: «red in color» and «holiday», for example, the red days of the calendar. And in ancient times, the word «red» meant «beautiful».

      It is important for learners of the Russian language to know about dictionaries of homonyms. Homonyms are words that are similar in spelling (homographs) or pronunciation (homophones). Dictionaries will help differentiate such similar words. Less similar words, which can also complicate their differentiation in use, are paronyms. For such words, there are dictionaries of paronyms.

      Any student of the Russian language who wants to study Russian literature should know that in Russia dictionaries of Russian writers, the majority, have been compiled.

      The official literary language is one. But Russia occupies a large territory, and in the regions there may be words that are characteristic only of this region. Dialect dictionaries will help in solving this problem. A dialect is a variant of the Russian language with some peculiarities in grammar, vocabulary and phonetics for a given region.

      So, the author lists dictionaries that will always help you to know the Russian language perfectly after a good mastering of the material of this textbook.

      Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language

      Dictionary of synonyms

      Dictionary of antonyms

      Dictionary of phraseological units

      Dictionary of proverbs

      Terminological dictionary (in the field of science – medical, technical, etc.)

      Frequency dictionary

      Dictionary of neologisms

      Dictionary of loan words

      Dictionary of obsolete words

      Dictionary of abbreviations

      Word-formation dictionary of the Russian language (it will help to build Russian words from those that you know, your vocabulary will increase many times)

      Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language

      Dictionary of foreign words in the Russian language

      Dictionary of homonyms

      Dictionary of paronyms

      Pronouncing dictionary

      Dialect dictionary

      Dictionary of A.S. Pushkin (and other Russian writers)

      There are also many short dictionaries of the types presented above for school learners.

      ГЛАВА 1

      «Вхождение в русский язык»

      CHAPTER 1. «Entering the Russian language»

      1.1. Вводно-фонетический курс (алфавит,

      группы букв и звуков, слоги на различение звуков;

      правила чтения; об орфоэпии, скороговорки)

      1.1. Introductory course of phonetics (alphabet, groups

      of letters and sounds, syllables to practice distinguishing sounds; reading rules; about orthoepy, tongue twisters)

      РУССКИЙ АЛФАВИТ RUSSIAN ALPHABET

      Таблица 1

      А Б В Г Д Е Ё Ж

      а бэ вэ гэ дэ е ё жэ

      З И Й К Л М Н О

      зэ и и краткое ка эль эм эн о

      П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц

      пэ эр эс тэ у эф ха цэ

      Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь

      че ша ща твёрдый знак ы мягкий знак

      Э Ю Я

      э ю я

      Знаки Ъ и Ь не произносятся. Но влияют на смысл слова.

      The signs Ъ and Ь are not pronounced. But they influence the meaning of the word.

      Русский алфавит с рекомендуемой транскрипцией латиницей

      Russian alphabet with recommended transcription in Latin

      Таблица 2

      Mind! The consonants are given with an attached vowel only for alphabetic reading. Внимание! У согласных дан гласный призвук алфавитного чтения. Example Пример К (kа)

      ИНОГДА В СРАВНЕНИИ ЗВУКОВ РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА С ОПОРОЙ НА АНГЛИЙСКИЕ СЛОВА ДАЁТСЯ ТАКОЙ ВАРИАНТ.

      SOMETIMES, IN COMPARING THE SOUNDS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE WITH THE SUPPORT OF ENGLISH WORDS, SUCH AN OPTION IS GIVEN.

      Таблица 3

      Поэтому автор настоящего учебника настойчиво отсылает к рекомендуемой транскрипции, приведённой автором первой.

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