Book 1 of Plato's Republic. Drew A. Mannetter
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(S. 1297). Attributive genitive; a word or group of words standing between the article and its noun is an attributive (S. 1154, 1161.a).
καὶ δὴ καὶ: The conjunction connects the second and third accusative nouns and marks a kind of climax (S. 2890). The first καί is conjunctional, the postpositive particle δή is intensive with καί, and the second καί is adverbial and emphasizes the following word (S. 2890) (D. καὶ δὴ καί, pg. 255-256).
Θρασύμαχον τὸν Χαλκηδόνιον: Third accusative direct object of κατϵλάβομϵν (S. 1554). Θρασύμαχον: Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136). τὸν Χαλκηδόνιον: The accusative adjective with the article is in the attributive position modifying Θρασύμαχον (S. 1160).
καὶ: The conjunction connects the third and fourth accusative nouns (S. 2868).
Χαρμαντίδην τὸν Παιανιέα: Fourth accusative direct object of κατϵλάβομϵν (S. 1554). Χαρμαντίδην: Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136). τὸν Παιανιέα: The accusative adjective with the article is in the attributive position modifying Χαρμαντίδην (S. 1160).
καὶ: The conjunction connects the fourth and fifth accusative nouns (S. 2868).
Κλϵιτοφῶντα τὸν ᾿Αριστωνύμου: Fifth accusative direct object of κατϵλάβομϵν (S. 1554). Κλϵιτοφῶντα: Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136). τὸν: The definite article following the noun is in apposition to Κλϵιτοφῶντα and is an ellipsis of τὸν υἱόν (‘the son”) (S. 916 and 1301). ᾿Αριστωνύμου: Genitive of possession or belonging with τὸν (S. 1297). Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136).
ἦν δ´ ἔνδον καὶ ὁ πατὴρ ὁ τοῦ Πολϵμάρχου Κέφαλος. (328.b)
| δέ: and.ϵἰμί: to be.ἔνδον: in, within, in the house, at home.καί: also. | Κέφαλος, -ου, ὁ: Cephalus.πατήρ, -ρός, ὁ: father.Πολέμαρχος, -ου, ὁ: Polemarchus. |
ἦν: Third person, singular, imperfect, indicative of ϵἰμί (S. 768). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903).
δ´: Postpositive conjunction connecting this sentence with the previous one; the copulative δέ marks transition, and is the ordinary particle used in connecting successive clauses or sentences which add something new or different, but not opposed, to what precedes, and are not joined by other particles, such as γάρ or οὖν (S. 2835-2836). “As a connective, δέ denotes either pure connection ‘and’, or contrast, ‘but’, with all that lies between” (D. δέ, pg. 162). Elision of δὲ (S. 70).
ἔνδον: Adverb; the adverb stands in the predicate position after ἦν in place of an adjective (S. 341, 1094, 1097.b).
καὶ: Adverbial use of the particle meaning “also” and stressing the idea set out in the words that follow (S. 2881).
ὁ πατὴρ ὁ τοῦ Πολϵμάρχου: Nominative subject of ἦν (S. 927, 938). ὁ: The article repeated after the noun connects the noun to the following genitive (S. 1161.b). τοῦ Πολϵμάρχου: Genitive of possession or belonging with ὁ (S. 1297).
Κέφαλος: Nominative proper noun in apposition to πατὴρ (S. 988). Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136).
Καὶ μάλα πρϵσβύτης μοι ἔδοξϵν ϵἶναι· διὰ χρόνου γὰρ καὶ ἑωράκη αὐτόν. (328.b-c)
| αὐτόν, αὐτήν, αὐτό: him, her, it.γάρ: for.διά (+ gen.): after.δοκέω: to seem.ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ: I, of me.ϵἴδω: to see. | ϵἰμί: to be.καί: and; just, even.μάλα: very, quite, exceedingly.πρϵσβύτης, -ου, ὁ: an old man.χρόνος, -ου, ὁ: a time, an interval. |
Καὶ: The conjunction connects this sentence with the previous one (S. 2868).
μάλα: Adverb; here modifying πρϵσβύτης, an adjective used substantively (S. 341, 1094).
πρϵσβύτης: Predicate nominative noun without the article after ϵἶναι (S. 939, 1150). When the subject of the infinitive is the same as that of the governing verb, it is omitted, and a predicate noun stands in the nominative case (S. 1973). The predicate noun has no article, and is thus distinguished from the subject (S. 1150).
μοι: Singular, dative, enclitic form of the personal pronoun ἐγώ (S. 325). Dative of reference; the dative of a pronoun often denotes the person in whose opinion a statement holds good (S. 1496). The enclitic pronoun loses its accent after the paroxytone πρϵσβύτης (S. 183.d).
ἔδοξϵν: Third person, singular, aorist, active, indicative of δοκέω (S. 385). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The subject ἐκϵῖνος (the antecedent is Κέφαλος) is not expressed but implied in the verb (S. 931). The moveable -ν is added to third person singular verbs ending in -ϵ when the next word begins with a vowel (S. 134).
ϵἶναι: Present infinitive of ϵἰμί (S. 768). An object (complimentary) infinitive after ἔδοξϵν (S. 1989). The present tense of the infinitive denotes continual action (S. 1865).
διὰ χρόνου: Prepositional phrase; διά with the genitive here means “after” (S. 1685.b). χρόνου: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition (S. 1128).
γὰρ: Postpositive particle; causal γάρ, as a conjunction, serves to introduce a cause of, or a reason for, an action before mentioned; to justify a preceding utterance; to confirm the truth of a previous statement (S. 2810).
καὶ: Adverbial use of the particle meaning “just, even” and modifying the following word (S. 2881).
ἑωράκη: First person, singular, pluperfect, active, indicative of ϵἴδω; the present of the verb is supplied by ὁράω and therefore the pluperfect here should be translated as an imperfect (S. 1952.a). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The subject ἐγώ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190).
αὐτόν: Singular, masculine, accusative demonstrative pronoun used substantively; the antecedent is Κέφαλος (1204.3). Accusative direct object of ἑωράκη (S. 1554). An acute, when not immediately followed by another word, does not change to a grave (S. 154).
καθῆστο δὲ ἐστϵφανωμένος ἐπί τινος προσκϵφαλαίου τϵ καὶ δίφρου· τϵθυκὼς γὰρ ἐτύγχανϵν ἐν τῇ αὐλῇ. (328.c)
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αὐλή, -ῆς, ἡ: court-yard, open court.γάρ: for.δέ: and.δίφρος, -ου, ὁ: |