Book 1 of Plato's Republic. Drew A. Mannetter
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The adverb is comprised of the negative οὐ “not” and δέ “even, also” (S. 2930-31). An elision of οὐδὲ (S. 70).
ἴστϵ: Second person, plural, present, indicative of οἶδα (S. 794). Main verb of the complex sentence (S. 2173). The subject ὑμϵῖς is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). Although there are two persons being addressed (Socrates and Glaucon), the dual is not used; the dual speaks of dual or a pair, but it is not often used, and the plural (which denotes more than one) is frequently substituted for it (S. 195).
ὅτι … θϵῷ: Dependent statement after ἴστϵ (S. 2110, 2577).
ὅτι: Conjunction introducing the dependent statement (S. 2577).
λαμπὰς: Predicate nominative after ἔσται without the article (S. 939, 1150). The predicate noun has no article, and is thus distinguished from the subject (S. 1150).
ἔσται: Third person, singular, future, indicative of ϵἰμί (S. 768). Main verb of the dependent clause (S. 2173). The predicate verb means “there will be” (S. 918.b).
πρὸς ἑσπέραν: Prepositional phrase; πρός with the accusative is here temporal and means “towards, near, at, about” (S. 1695.3.b). ἑσπέραν: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition (S. 1128).
ἀφ´ ἵππων: Prepositional phrase, ἀπό with the genitive here means “from, on” (S. 1684.1.a). ἀφ´: An elision and aspiration of ἀπό; the final short vowel is elided and the smooth stop π brought before the rough breathing by the elision is made rough, becoming the aspirate φ (S. 70, 124). ἵππων: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition (S. 1128).
τῇ θϵῷ: Dative of advantage; the person for whose advantage anything is done is put in the dative (S. 1481).
᾿Αφ´ ἵππων; ἦν δ´ ἐγώ· καινόν γϵ τοῦτο. λαμπάδια ἔχοντϵς διαδώσουσιν ἀλλήλοις ἁμιλλώμϵνοι τοῖς ἵπποις; ἢ πῶς λέγϵις; (328.a)
| ἀλλήλους, -ας, -α: one another.ἁμιλλάομαι: to compete, vie, contend with.ἀπό (+ gen.): from, on.γϵ: certainly, indeed.δέ: and.διαδίδωμι: to give from hand to hand, pass on.ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ: I, of me.ἔχω: to have, hold, bear. | ἤ: or.ἠμί: to say.ἵππος, -ου, ὁ: horse.καινός, -ή, -όν: new, newly-invented, new-fangled, novel.λαμπάς, -άδος, ἡ: torch.λέγω: to say, speak, mean.οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο: this man, woman, or thing.πῶς: how? |
᾿Αφ´ ἵππων: The prepositional phrase functions as a direct question without interrogative or verb (S. 2641). Prepositional phrase, ἀπό with the genitive here means “from, on” (S. 1684.1.a). ᾿Αφ´: An elision and aspiration of ἀπό; the final short vowel is elided and the smooth stop π brought before the rough breathing by the elision is made rough, becoming the aspirate φ (S. 70, 124). ἵππων: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition (S. 1128).
ἦν δ´ ἐγώ: This phrase introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590). ἦν: First person, singular, imperfect, indicative of ἠμί (S. 792). Main verb of the introductory phrase (S. 903). The irregular verb only occurs in the present and imperfect 1st and 3d singular (= Latin inquam, inquit) (S. 792). δ´: Postpositive conjunction connecting this sentence with the previous one; the copulative δέ marks transition, and is the ordinary particle used in connecting successive clauses or sentences which add something new or different, but not opposed, to what precedes, and are not joined by other particles, such as γάρ or οὖν (S. 2835-2836). “As a connective, δέ denotes either pure connection ‘and’, or contrast, ‘but’, with all that lies between” (D. δέ, pg. 162). An elision of δὲ (S. 70). ἐγώ: Singular, nominative of the personal pronoun ἐγώ (S. 325). Nominative subject of ἦν (S. 927, 938). The personal pronoun is usually omitted unless emphatic (here changing subjects) (S. 1190). An acute, when not immediately followed by another word, does not change to a grave (S. 154).
καινόν: Singular, neuter, nominative predicate adjective modifying τοῦτο after the supplied verb ἔστιν (S. 1040). The oxytone, followed by an enclitic, retains its accent and does not change from the acute to grave (S. 154.a).
γϵ: The postpositive enclitic particle, when used after an adjective, can have an exclamatory force; here the adjective is preceded by a shocked or surprised repetition of the previous speaker’s words (S. 2821) (D. γϵ, pg. 127, 129). The enclitic loses its accent after the oxytone καινόν (S. 183.a).
τοῦτο {(ἐστί) = (τοῦτ´ ἔστιν)}: Singular, neuter, nominative demonstrative pronoun used substantively; the antecedent of the neuter is the general idea of the torch-race from horseback (S. 1238, 1253). Nominative subject of the supplied verb ἔστιν (S. 927, 938). ἔστιν: Supply ἔστιν as the verb (S. 944, 948).
λαμπάδια: Accusative direct object of the participle ἔχοντϵς (S. 1554, 2040). The noun lacks an article (S. 1126).
ἔχοντϵς: Plural, masculine, nominative, present, active circumstantial participle of ἔχω modifying ἐκϵῖνοι, the implied subject of διαδώσουσιν (S. 2042, 2054). The present tense of the participle denotes continual action and is generally coincident to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.a).
διαδώσουσιν: Third person, plural, future, active, indicative of διαδίδωμι (S. 421). The subject ἐκϵῖνοι (“they”) is not expressed but implied in the verb (S. 931). Main verb of the (first) simple coordinate clause: λαμπάδια … ἵπποις (S. 2162). The moveable -ν is added to words ending in -σι when the next word begins with a vowel (S. 134).
ἀλλήλοις: Plural, masculine, dative reciprocal pronoun (S. 1277). Dative indirect object of διαδώσουσιν; here the direct object (λαμπάδια) is assumed (S. 1469).
ἁμιλλώμϵνοι: Plural, masculine, nominative, present, deponent circumstantial participle of ἁμιλλάομαι modifying ἐκϵῖνοι, the implied subject of διαδώσουσιν (S. 2042, 2054). The present tense of the participle denotes continual action and is generally coincident to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.a).
τοῖς ἵπποις: Dative of instrument or means (S. 1507).
ἢ: The conjunction introduces the second direct question and means “or” (S. 2657-58).
πῶς: Interrogative adverb of manner (S. 346, 1094).
λέγϵις: Second person, singular, present, active, indicative (S. 383). Main verb of the (second) simple coordinate clause: πῶς λέγϵις (S. 2162). The subject σύ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190).
Οὕτως, ἔφη ὁ Πολέμαρχος· καὶ πρός γϵ παννυχίδα ποιήσουσιν, ἣν ἄξιον θϵάσασθαι. (328.a)
| ἄξιος, -ία, -ιον: worthy, fit.θϵάομαι: to gaze at, view, behold, view as a spectator.καὶ … γϵ: yes, and more.ὅς, ἥ, ὅ: who, which.οὕτως: even so, just so. |
παννυχίς, -ίδος, ἡ: a night-festival, vigil.ποιέω: |