Book 1 of Plato's Republic. Drew A. Mannetter
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ἀπὸ τῆς πομπῆς: A comparative clause of manner relative to an omitted demonstrative adverb (οὕτως, thus) in the main clause (S. 2463). ὡς: Relative adverb (S. 2990). ἀπὸ τῆς πομπῆς: Prepositional phrase; ἀπό with the genitive here means “from, away from” (S. 1684.a). τῆς: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition but not here (S. 1128).
ὁ οὖν Πολέμαρχος ἔφη ῏Ω Σώκρατϵς, δοκϵῖτέ μοι πρὸς ἄστυ ὡρμῆσθαι ὡς ἀπιόντϵς. (327.c)
| ἄπϵιμι: to go away, depart.ἄστυ, -ϵως, τό: town.δοκέω: to seem.ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ: I, of me.ὁρμάομαι: to start, hasten.οὖν: well, now, thereupon. | Πολέμαρχος, -ου, ὁ: Polemarchus.πρός (+ acc.): towards, to.Σωκράτης, -ους, ὁ: Socrates.φημί: to say.ὦ: O.ὡς: as, as if, as though. |
ὁ … Πολέμαρχος: Nominative subject of ἔφη (S. 927, 938).
οὖν: The postpositive (normally second position) inferential particle, usually classed as a conjunction, signifies that something follows from what precedes. Inferential οὖν marks a transition to a new thought and continues a narrative, resumes an interrupted narration, and in general states a conclusion or inference. It stands alone or in conjunction with other particles (S. 2964) (D. οὖν, pg. 425-426).
ἔφη: Third person, singular, imperfect, indicative of φημί (S. 783). The verb introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590).
῏Ω Σώκρατϵς: Vocative; the vocative forms an incomplete sentence (S. 1283). ῏Ω: The exclamation is used with the vocative (S. 1284). Σώκρατϵς: The noun Σωκράτης uses the pure stem in the vocative (S. 248). The vocative is normally found in the interior of a sentence (S. 1285).
δοκϵῖτέ: Second person, plural, present, active, indicative of δοκέω (S. 385). Main verb of the complex sentence (S. 2173). The subject ὑμϵῖς is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). The acute accent on the properispomenon is thrown back from the following enclitic μοι (S. 183.c). Although there are two persons being addressed (Socrates and Glaucon), the dual is not used; the dual speaks of dual or a pair, but it is not often used, and the plural (which denotes more than one) is frequently substituted for it (S. 195).
μοι: Singular, dative, enclitic form of the personal pronoun ἐγώ (S. 325). Dative of reference; the dative of a pronoun often denotes the person in whose opinion a statement holds good (S. 1496). The enclitic throws its accent back onto the preceding properispomenon δοκϵῖτέ (S. 183.c).
πρὸς ἄστυ: Prepositional phrase; πρός with the accusative here means “towards, to” (S. 1695.3.a). ἄστυ: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition (S. 1128).
ὡρμῆσθαι: Perfect, middle infinitive of ὁρμάω (S. 385). An object (complementary) infinitive after δοκϵῖτέ (S. 1989). The perfect infinitive denotes completion with a permanent result (S. 1865.c).
ὡς ἀπιόντϵς: The adverb ὡς, used with a participle in the case of the subject, marks the reason or motive of the action and means “as if, as” (S. 2086) (L. S. ὡς C). ἀπιόντϵς: Plural, masculine, nominative, present circumstantial participle of ἄπϵιμι used to denote purpose modifying ὑμϵῖς, the supplied subject of δοκϵῖτέ (S. 2065). The present form of the participle may imply either present or future time (S. 1880).
Οὐ γὰρ κακῶς δοξάζϵις, ἦν δ´ἐγώ. (327.c)
| γάρ: aye, yes, in truth, truly.δέ: and.δοξάζω: to form or hold an opinion.ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ: I, of me. | ἠμί: to say.κακῶς: badly, wrongly.οὐ: not. |
Οὐ … κακῶς: A litotes is affirmation expressed by the negative of the contrary (S. 3032). English examples would include: not bad = good, not uncommon = common, not unlikely = likely.
Οὐ: The simple negative particle οὐ is the negative of fact and statement and is generally placed before the word it negates (κακῶς) (S. 2688, 2690).
γὰρ: The postpositive particle here marks assent (S. 2806) (D. γάρ, pg. 89).
κακῶς: Adverb (S. 341, 1094).
δοξάζϵις: Second person, singular, present, active, indicative of δοξάζω (S. 383). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The subject σύ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). Denniston notes that “Plato often echoes a word from the preceding speech, when the second speaker endorses a view put forward by the first” (D. γάρ, pg. 89).
ἦν δ´ἐγώ: This phrase introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590). ἦν: First person, singular, imperfect, indicative of ἠμί (S. 792). Main verb of the introductory phrase (S. 903). The irregular verb only occurs in the present and imperfect 1st and 3d singular (= Latin inquam, inquit) (S. 792). δ´: Postpositive conjunction connecting this sentence with the previous one; the copulative δέ marks transition, and is the ordinary particle used in connecting successive clauses or sentences which add something new or different, but not opposed, to what precedes, and are not joined by other particles, such as γάρ or οὖν (S. 2835-2836).“As a connective, δέ denotes either pure connection ‘and’, or contrast, ‘but’, with all that lies between” (D. δέ, pg. 162). An elision of δὲ (S. 70). ἐγώ: Singular, nominative of the personal pronoun ἐγώ (S. 325). Nominative subject (S. 927, 938). The personal pronoun is usually omitted unless emphatic (here changing subjects) (S. 1190). An acute, when not immediately followed by another word, does not change to a grave (S. 154).
῾Ορᾷς οὐν ἡμᾶς, ἔφη, ὅσοι ἐσμέν; Πῶς γὰρ οὔ; (327.c)
| γάρ: aye, yes, in truth, truly.ϵἰμί: to be.ἡμϵῖς, ἡμῶν: we, of us.ὁράω: to see, perceive.ὅσος, -η, -ον: how many. | οὐ: not.οὐν: well, now.πῶς: how?φημί: to say. |
῾Ορᾷς: Second person, singular, present, active, indicative of ὁράω (S. 385). Main verb of the complex sentence (S. 2173). The subject σύ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190).
οὐν: The postpositive (normally second position) inferential particle, usually classed as a conjunction, signifies that something follows from what precedes. Inferential οὖν marks a transition to a new thought and continues a narrative, resumes an interrupted narration, and in general states a conclusion or inference. It stands alone or in conjunction with other particles (S. 2964) (D. οὖν, pg. 425-426).
ἡμᾶς: First person, plural, accusative of the personal pronoun ἡμϵῖς (S. 325). Accusative direct object of ῾Ορᾷς (S. 1554).
ἔφη: Third person, singular, imperfect, indicative of φημί (S. 783). The verb introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590). The subject ἐκϵῖνος (the antecedent is ὁ Πολέμαρχος) is not expressed but implied in the verb (S. 931).
ὅσοι ἐσμέν: Indirect (dependent) exclamation (Polemarchus is not asking an indirect question “how many are we?”