Book 1 of Plato's Republic. Drew A. Mannetter
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either pure connection ‘and’, or contrast, ‘but’, with all that lies between” (D. δέ, pg. 162).
ἐστϵφανωμένος: Singular, masculine, nominative, perfect, middle, circumstantial participle of στϵφανόω modifying ἐκϵῖνος, the implied subject of καθῆστο (S. 2042, 2054). The perfect tense of the participle denotes completion with permanent results (S. 1872.d). Perfect middle participles are accented as a paroxytone (S. 425.2).
ἐπί τινος προσκϵφαλαίου τϵ καὶ δίφρου: Prepositional phrase; ἐπί with the genitive here means “upon, on” (S. 1689.a). ἐπί: The grave accent on the oxytone is not changed to an acute when followed by an enclitic (S. 145.a). τινος: Singular, neuter, genitive indefinite pronoun used as an adjective modifying προσκϵφαλαίου (S. 1266). The enclitic pronoun loses its accent after the oxytone ἐπί (S. 183.a). προσκϵφαλαίου: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition (S. 1128). τϵ καὶ: The conjunction connects the two genitive nouns in the prepositional phrase; the anticipatory particle τϵ is sometimes placed adjacent to καὶ (S. 2974). τϵ: The enclitic particle loses its accent after the paroxytone προσκϵφαλαίου (S. 183.d). δίφρου: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition (S. 1128).
τϵθυκὼς: Singular, masculine, nominative, perfect, active supplementary participle of θύω modifying ἐκϵῖνος, the supplied subject of ἐτύγχανϵν (S. 2089). The supplementary participle with τυγχάνω is often like an object infinitive after certain verbs and contains the main idea (S. 2094, 2096). The perfect tense of the participle denotes completion with permanent result (S. 1872.d). The perfect participle is accented as an oxytone (S. 425.b).
γὰρ: Postpositive particle; causal γάρ, as a conjunction, serves to introduce a cause of, or a reason for, an action before mentioned; to justify a preceding utterance; to confirm the truth of a previous statement (S. 2810).
ἐτύγχανϵν: Third person, singular, imperfect, active, indicative of τυγχάνω (S. 383). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The subject ἐκϵῖνος (the antecedent is Κέφαλος) is not expressed but implied in the verb (S. 931). The moveable -ν is added to third person singular verbs ending in -ϵ when the next word begins with a vowel (S. 134).
ἐν τῇ αὐλῇ : Prepositional phrase; ἐν with the dative is here locative and means “in” (S. 1687.1.a). τῇ: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition but not here (S. 1128).
ἐκαθϵζόμϵθα οὖν παρ´ αὐτόν· ἔκϵιντο γὰρ δίφροι τινὲς αὐτόθι κύκλῳ. (328.c)
| αὐτόθι: on the spot, there.αὐτόν, αὐτήν, αὐτό: him, her, it.γάρ: for.δίφρος, -ου, ὁ: a seat, couch, stool.καθέζομαι: to sit down, take one’s seat. | κϵῖμαι: to lie, be placed.κύκλῳ: in a circle or ring, round about.οὖν: so, then, well, now.παρά (+ acc.): beside, near, by.τις, τι: some, several. |
ἐκαθϵζόμϵθα: First person, plural, imperfect, deponent, indicative of καθέζομαι (S. 383). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The subject ἡμϵῖς is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). Normally, when forming the imperfect in compound verbs, the augment stands between the preposition and the verb; but some verbs, which are not often used except as compounds, are treated like uncompounded verbs and take the augment before the preposition (S. 449-50).
οὖν: The postpositive (normally second position) inferential particle, usually classed as a conjunction, signifies that something follows from what precedes. Inferential οὖν marks a transition to a new thought and continues a narrative, resumes an interrupted narration, and in general states a conclusion or inference. It stands alone or in conjunction with other particles (S. 2964) (D. οὖν, pg. 425).
παρ´ αὐτόν: Prepositional phrase; παρά with the accusative here means “beside, near, by” (S. 1692.3.a). παρ´: An elision of παρὰ (S. 70). αὐτόν: Singular, masculine, accusative demonstrative pronoun used substantively; the antecedent is Κέφαλος (S. 1204). An acute, when not immediately followed by another word, does not change to a grave (S. 154).
ἔκϵιντο: Third person, plural, imperfect, indicative of κϵῖμαι (S. 791). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903).
γὰρ: Postpositive particle; causal γάρ, as a conjunction, serves to introduce a cause of, or a reason for, an action before mentioned; to justify a preceding utterance; to confirm the truth of a previous statement (S. 2810).
δίφροι τινὲς: Nominative subject of ἔκϵιντο (S. 927, 938). δίφροι: The noun lacks an article (S. 1126). τινὲς: Plural, masculine, nominative indefinite pronoun used as an adjective (S. 1266). The preceding paroxytone δίφροι receives no additional accent and the dissyllabic enclitic τινὲς retains its accent (S. 183.d).
αὐτόθι: Adverb of place (S. 342, 1094).
κύκλῳ: The adverb is formed from the locative dative of ὁ κύκλος (S. 1535).
ϵὐθὺς οὖν μϵ ἰδὼν ὁ Κέφαλος ἠσπάζϵτό τϵ καὶ ϵἶπϵν ῏Ω Σώκρατϵς, οὐδὲ θαμίζϵις ἡμῖν καταβαίνων ϵἰς τὸν Πϵιραιᾶ· χρῆν μέντοι. (328.c)
| ἀσπάζομαι: to welcome kindly, bid welcome, greet.ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ: I, of me.ϵἶδον: to see, perceive, behold.ϵἶπον: to say.ϵἰς (+ acc.) into, to.ϵὐθύς: straightaway, forthwith, at once.ἡμϵῖς, ἡμῶν: we, of us.θαμίζω: to come often.καταβαίνω: to go down from the inland parts to the sea. | Κέφαλος, -ου, ὁ: Cephalus.μέντοι: really you know.οὐδέ: not at all.οὖν: so, then.Πϵιραιϵύς, -ῶς, ὁ: Piraeus.Σωκράτης, -ους, ὁ: Socrates.τϵ καί: and.χρῆν: it should have been done.ὦ: O. |
ϵὐθὺς: Adverb of time (S. 341, 1094).
οὖν: The postpositive (normally second position) inferential particle, usually classed as a conjunction, signifies that something follows from what precedes. Inferential οὖν marks a transition to a new thought and continues a narrative, resumes an interrupted narration, and in general states a conclusion or inference. It stands alone or in conjunction with other particles (S. 2964) (D. οὖν, pg. 425).
μϵ: Singular, accusative, enclitic form of the personal pronoun ἐγώ (S. 325). Accusative direct object of both the participle ἰδὼν and the main verb ἠσπάζϵτό (S. 1554, 2040). The enclitic loses its accent and the previous perispomenon οὖν retains its accent unchanged (S. 183.b).
ἰδὼν ὁ Κέφαλος: Nominative subject of ἠσπάζϵτό … ϵἶπϵν (S. 927, 938). ἰδὼν: Singular, masculine, nominative, aorist, active circumstantial participle of ϵἴδω (ϵἶδον) modifying Κέφαλος (S. 2054, L.S. ϵἴδω A). The aorist tense of the participle denotes simple occurrence and the action set forth is generally antecedent to that of the leading verb (S.1872.c). The aorist participle is accented as an oxytone (S. 425.b). ὁ: Names of